Endocarditis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common risk factors for endocarditis include prosthetic heart valves, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, intravenous drug use, age-related degenerative valvular lesions, immunosuppression, and colon cancer.^[1]

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of infective endocarditis are:^[1]

Prosthetic heart valves
Valvular heart disease (mitral valve prolapse is the most common valvular lesion that predisposes to endocarditis)^[2]
Intravenous drug abuse
Intracardiac devices, such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
Age-related degenerative valvular lesions
Hemodialysis
Congenital heart disease
History of rheumatic heart disease
Diabetes mellitus
HIV/AIDS
Immunosuppression
Colon cancer

Common risk factors in the development of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis include:^[3]

Hypercoagulable state such as pregnancy and systemic bacterial infection
Malignancy especially mucin-producing adenocarcinomas (most commonly associated with pancreatic adenocarcinomas)
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Trauma (e.g., catheters)

Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis^[4]


Epidemiological features	Common Microorganism(s)
Injection drug use	S. aureus Oxacillin-resistant strains Coagulase-negative staphylococci β-Hemolytic streptococci Fungi Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Indwelling cardiovascular medical devices	S. aureus Coagulase-negative staphylococci Fungi Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli Corynebacterium sp
Genitourinary disorders Genitourinary infection Genitourinary manipulation Pregnancy Delivery Abortion	Enterococcus sp Group B streptococci (S agalactiae) Listeria monocytogenes Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chronic skin disorders	S. aureus β-Hemolytic streptococci
Poor dental health, dental procedures	Viridans group streptococci “Nutritionally variant streptococci” Abiotrophia defectiva Granulicatella sp Gemella sp HACEK organisms
Alcoholism, cirrhosis	S pneumoniae β-Hemolytic streptococci Bartonella sp Listeria sp Aeromonas sp
Burn patients	S. aureus Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fungi
Diabetes mellitus	S. aureus β-Hemolytic streptococci S pneumoniae
Early ( < 1 y) prosthetic valve placement	Coagulase-negative staphylococci S. aureus Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli Fungi Corynebacterium sp Legionella sp
Late ( > 1 y) prosthetic valve placement	Coagulase-negative staphylococci S. aureus Viridans group streptococci Enterococcus species Fungi Corynebacterium sp
Dog–cat exposure	Bartonella sp Pasteurella sp Capnocytophaga sp
Contact with contaminated milk Contact with infected farm animals	Brucella sp Coxiella burnetii Erysipelothrix sp
Homeless, body lice	Bartonella sp
AIDS	Salmonella sp S pneumoniae S. aureus
Pneumonia, meningitis	S pneumoniae
Solid organ transplant	S. aureus Aspergillus fumigatus Enterococcus sp Candida sp
Gastrointestinal lesions	S bovis Enterococcus sp Clostridium septicum

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis#Pathogenesis Accessed on September 22, 2015
↑ Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB (2001). "Infective endocarditis in adults". N Engl J Med. 345 (18): 1318–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMra010082. PMID 11794152.
↑ Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbacterial_thrombotic_endocarditis Accessed on September 23, 2015
↑ Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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[abc-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis#Pathogenesis Accessed on September 22, 2015

[pmid11794152-2] Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB (2001). "Infective endocarditis in adults". N Engl J Med. 345 (18): 1318–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMra010082. PMID 11794152.

[3] Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbacterial_thrombotic_endocarditis Accessed on September 23, 2015

[4] Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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Endocarditis risk factors

Overview

Risk Factors

Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis[4]

References

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Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis^[4]