Eclampsia historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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*THEORY OF FOUR HUMORS | *THEORY OF FOUR HUMORS | ||
**In late 5<sup>th</sup>and early 4<sup>th</sup> BCE | **In late 5<sup>th</sup>and early 4<sup>th</sup> BCE | ||
**The balance between Four [[humors]], blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, resulted in health and illness.<ref>Demand N. Birth, death, and motherhood in classical Greece. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press; 1994. [[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uGPE5Fw4vG8C&lpg=PR9&ots=GR8UmuZ9V8&lr&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Scholar]]</ref> | **The balance between Four [[humors]], blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile, resulted in health and illness.<ref>Demand N. Birth, death, and motherhood in classical Greece. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press; 1994. [[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uGPE5Fw4vG8C&lpg=PR9&ots=GR8UmuZ9V8&lr&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Scholar]]</ref> | ||
*WET AND DRY THEORY | *WET AND DRY THEORY | ||
**Women’s skin was considered wet, porous and soft and it was thought that she could accumulate lots of moisture which resulted in an overabundance of fluids and led to illness. <ref>Green MH. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Princeton University; 1985. The transmission of ancient theories of female physiology and disease through the early Middle Ages.</ref> | **Women’s skin was considered wet, porous, and soft and it was thought that she could accumulate lots of moisture which resulted in an overabundance of fluids and led to illness. <ref>Green MH. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Princeton University; 1985. The transmission of ancient theories of female physiology and disease through the early Middle Ages.</ref> | ||
*WANDERING WOMB THEORY | *WANDERING WOMB THEORY | ||
**Hippocrates | **Hippocrates believed that dried up uterus wandered the body in search of moisture, and as it wandered the body, it could wreak havoc upon the liver, spleen, lungs, and head, leading to disease. | ||
====Treatments Offered==== | ====Treatments Offered==== | ||
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===Middle Ages=== | ===Middle Ages=== | ||
During the middle ages, between 400 CE and 700 CE, scientific progress, especially medical, came to a standstill as the Christians were opposed to human science and dissection. many medical schools were closed, such as at Athens and Alexandria. Hence, the main focus was on the compilation and rewriting. Later, the Christian influence began to decline and new theories emerged. In 1619, the word "eclampsia" first appeared in Varandaeus' treatise on gynecology.<ref>Ong,2004</ref> | |||
====Theories==== | ====Theories==== | ||
*DOMINANT HUMOR THEORY | |||
**One theory that emerged suggested that one humor dominated the other humors and controlled an individual's physical and emotional characteristics, and was responsible for the signs and symptoms of eclampsia. | |||
*MAURICEAU'S THEORY | |||
**In 17<sup>th</sup> century, when medicine gained momentum again, Francois Mauriceau helped establish obstetrics as a specialty. He was the first to systematically describe eclampsia,<ref>McMillen (2003)</ref> and to note that primigravidas were at a greater risk for convulsions compared to multigravidas. He attributed convulsions to either suppressed lochia flow which could lead to inflammation, pain in the head, convulsions, suffocation, and death, or intrauterine fetal death which could lead to foul-smelling humors and predispose a woman to convulsions. | |||
====Treatments Offered==== | ====Treatments Offered==== | ||
Increasing Christian beliefs greatly influenced treatments which consisted of charms, amulets, prayers. However, as time passed treatments offered in ancients times were again practiced, such as phlebotomies. | |||
===18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> Century=== | ===18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> Century=== | ||
Revision as of 15:11, 5 August 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Importance of Historical Perspective
The importance of historical perspective lies in the fact that our current understanding of pathophysiology, classifications and management strategies is influenced by past hypotheses and scientific contributions, which have also shaped our current practice trends. [1]
Origin
The term is derived from Greek and refers to a flash, a term used by Hippocrates to designate a fever of sudden onset.[2]
Historical Perspective
Over time various theories and treatments based on those theories have been proposed.
Ancient Times
Theories
- THEORY OF FOUR HUMORS
- WET AND DRY THEORY
- Women’s skin was considered wet, porous, and soft and it was thought that she could accumulate lots of moisture which resulted in an overabundance of fluids and led to illness. [4]
- WANDERING WOMB THEORY
- Hippocrates believed that dried up uterus wandered the body in search of moisture, and as it wandered the body, it could wreak havoc upon the liver, spleen, lungs, and head, leading to disease.
Treatments Offered
Treatment directed towards the restoration of internal equilibrium by mechanisms that increased elimination of excess fluids and could consist of:
- Altered diets
- Purging
- Blood-letting
Middle Ages
During the middle ages, between 400 CE and 700 CE, scientific progress, especially medical, came to a standstill as the Christians were opposed to human science and dissection. many medical schools were closed, such as at Athens and Alexandria. Hence, the main focus was on the compilation and rewriting. Later, the Christian influence began to decline and new theories emerged. In 1619, the word "eclampsia" first appeared in Varandaeus' treatise on gynecology.[5]
Theories
- DOMINANT HUMOR THEORY
- One theory that emerged suggested that one humor dominated the other humors and controlled an individual's physical and emotional characteristics, and was responsible for the signs and symptoms of eclampsia.
- MAURICEAU'S THEORY
- In 17th century, when medicine gained momentum again, Francois Mauriceau helped establish obstetrics as a specialty. He was the first to systematically describe eclampsia,[6] and to note that primigravidas were at a greater risk for convulsions compared to multigravidas. He attributed convulsions to either suppressed lochia flow which could lead to inflammation, pain in the head, convulsions, suffocation, and death, or intrauterine fetal death which could lead to foul-smelling humors and predispose a woman to convulsions.
Treatments Offered
Increasing Christian beliefs greatly influenced treatments which consisted of charms, amulets, prayers. However, as time passed treatments offered in ancients times were again practiced, such as phlebotomies.
18th and 19th Century
Theories
Treatments Offered
References
- ↑ Bell MJ (2010). "A historical overview of preeclampsia-eclampsia". J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 39 (5): 510–8. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01172.x. PMC 2951301. PMID 20919997.
- ↑ Chesley LC. Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy, in Williams Obstetrics, 14th Edition. Appleton Century Crofts, New York (1971), page 700.
- ↑ Demand N. Birth, death, and motherhood in classical Greece. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press; 1994. [Google Scholar]
- ↑ Green MH. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Princeton University; 1985. The transmission of ancient theories of female physiology and disease through the early Middle Ages.
- ↑ Ong,2004
- ↑ McMillen (2003)