Ebsteins anomaly of the tricuspid valve pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] and Claudia P. Hochberg, M.D. [2]

Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]}; Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [[4]] Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [[5]]

Overview

The pathophysiology of Ebstein's anomaly depends on the morphology of tricuspid valve and the right ventricle. The annulus of the valve is in normal position. The valve leaflets however, are to a varying degree attached to the walls and septum of the right ventricle. There is subsequent atrialization of a portion of the morphologic right ventricle (which is then contiguous with the right atrium). This causes the right atrium to be large and the anatomic right ventricle to be small in size. 50% of cases involve an atrial shunt (either a PFO or an ASD).

Tricuspid valve

• The anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve is malformed in this condition i.e. they are attached to tricuspid valve annulus or to the right ventricular endocardium
• The septal and posterior leaflets are absent most of the times.
• Due to these changes the tricuspid valve may becomes funnel-shaped and incompetent.

Right ventricle

The right ventricular changes are secondary to the malformed tricuspid valves. The right ventricle can thus be divided into two parts by the valve

• The downward extension of the tricuspid valve causes 'atrialization' of the proximal part of the right ventricle
• The small distal part, the right ventricle proper, thus is reduced in size and sometimes comprises only of the right outflow tract.

Associated Conditions

• 50% of patients have ASD or patent foramen ovale
• 25% have accesory pathway