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| ==Investigational Therapies== | | ==Investigational Therapies== |
| * [[Antisense therapy]] has shown promise when it comes to treating accidental [[infections]] with the ebola virus, which would be a very important feat, especially for people working with ebola in laboratories<ref name="urlNovel antisense therapies protect primates from lethal Ebola and Marburg viruses">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100822150645.htm |title=Novel 'antisense' therapies protect primates from lethal Ebola and Marburg viruses |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref>. The research took place under the supervision of the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases and used a specific group of compounds called antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs)<ref name="urlNovel antisense therapies protect primates from lethal Ebola and Marburg viruses">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100822150645.htm |title=Novel 'antisense' therapies protect primates from lethal Ebola and Marburg viruses |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref>. They developed a therapy, which was referred to as AVI-6002, that was able to demonstrate a survival rate of approximately 90% in pre and post-exposure animals<ref name="urlNovel antisense therapies protect primates from lethal Ebola and Marburg viruses">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100822150645.htm |title=Novel 'antisense' therapies protect primates from lethal Ebola and Marburg viruses |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref>. Using this new treatment, 5 out of 8 monkeys were able to survive exposure to the ebola virus, which are very promising results.
| | ===ZMapp=== |
| * Convalescent plasma shows promise as a treatment for the disease.
| | ZMapp is an experimental drug composed of 3 humanized monoclonal antibodies currently being investigated for the treatment of Ebola virus disease. The component monoclonal |
| * [[Ribavirin]] and [[interferon]] are ineffective.
| | antibodies are recombinantly manufactured in a variety of tobacco (''Nicotiana benthamiana''). It has not yet been tested in humans for safety or effectiveness. Zmapp was studied in a preclinical study involving rhesus macaques exposed to the virus. is able to rescue 100% of rhesus macaques when treatment is initiated up to 5 days post-challenge. High fever, viraemia and abnormalities in blood count and blood chemistry were evident in many animals before ZMapp intervention. Advanced disease, as indicated by elevated liver enzymes, mucosal haemorrhages and generalized petechia could be reversed, leading to full recovery. ELISA and neutralizing antibody assays indicate that ZMapp is cross-reactive with the Guinean variant of Ebola. |
| * In monkeys, administration of an inhibitor of coagulation (rNAPc2) has shown some benefit, protecting 33% of infected animals from a usually 100% (for monkeys) lethal infection<ref name="pmid14683653">{{cite journal| author=Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Jahrling PB, Larsen T, Geisbert JB, Paragas J et al.| title=Treatment of Ebola virus infection with a recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor: a study in rhesus monkeys. | journal=Lancet | year= 2003 | volume= 362 | issue= 9400 | pages= 1953-8 | pmid=14683653 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15012-X | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14683653 }} </ref> (unfortunately this inoculation does not work on humans). In early 2006, scientists at [[USAMRIID]] announced a 75% recovery rate after infecting four rhesus monkeys with Ebola virus and administering [[Antisense therapy|antisense drugs]]<ref name="pmid16703508">{{cite journal| author=Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Kagan E, Yu EZ, Geisbert JB, Daddario-DiCaprio K et al.| title=Postexposure protection of guinea pigs against a lethal ebola virus challenge is conferred by RNA interference. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2006 | volume= 193 | issue= 12 | pages= 1650-7 | pmid=16703508 | doi=10.1086/504267 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16703508 }} </ref>.
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| * Postexposure [[vaccination]] with different viruses ([[vesicular stomatitis virus]])<ref name="pmid15113924">{{cite journal| author=Garbutt M, Liebscher R, Wahl-Jensen V, Jones S, Möller P, Wagner R et al.| title=Properties of replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing glycoproteins of filoviruses and arenaviruses. | journal=J Virol | year= 2004 | volume= 78 | issue= 10 | pages= 5458-65 | pmid=15113924 | doi= | pmc=PMC400370 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15113924 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17238284">{{cite journal| author=Feldmann H, Jones SM, Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Geisbert JB, Ströher U, Grolla A et al.| title=Effective post-exposure treatment of Ebola infection. | journal=PLoS Pathog | year= 2007 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= e2 | pmid=17238284 | doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030002 | pmc=PMC1779298 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17238284 }} </ref> and [[passive immunization]] with [[blood]] or [[serum]]<ref name="pmid9988160">{{cite journal| author=Mupapa K, Massamba M, Kibadi K, Kuvula K, Bwaka A, Kipasa M et al.| title=Treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever with blood transfusions from convalescent patients. International Scientific and Technical Committee. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 179 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S18-23 | pmid=9988160 | doi=10.1086/514298 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9988160 }} </ref>, or recombinant human [[monoclonal antibodies]]<ref name="pmid10364354">{{cite journal| author=Maruyama T, Rodriguez LL, Jahrling PB, Sanchez A, Khan AS, Nichol ST et al.| title=Ebola virus can be effectively neutralized by antibody produced in natural human infection. | journal=J Virol | year= 1999 | volume= 73 | issue= 7 | pages= 6024-30 | pmid=10364354 | doi= | pmc=PMC112663 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10364354 }} </ref> from human survivors have been tested with non-conclusive results.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Michael Maddaleni, B.S.
Overview
Although there is no effective human vaccine against Ebola currently available, there are promising results for antisense prevention therapies targeting the Ebola virus in monkey studies. Administration of an inhibitor of coagulation (rNAPc2) has demonstrated some benefit in monkey studies. There are non-conclusive results in human survivors from post-exposure vaccination, passive immunization with blood or serum or with recombinant human monoclonal antibodies.
Investigational Therapies
ZMapp
ZMapp is an experimental drug composed of 3 humanized monoclonal antibodies currently being investigated for the treatment of Ebola virus disease. The component monoclonal
antibodies are recombinantly manufactured in a variety of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). It has not yet been tested in humans for safety or effectiveness. Zmapp was studied in a preclinical study involving rhesus macaques exposed to the virus. is able to rescue 100% of rhesus macaques when treatment is initiated up to 5 days post-challenge. High fever, viraemia and abnormalities in blood count and blood chemistry were evident in many animals before ZMapp intervention. Advanced disease, as indicated by elevated liver enzymes, mucosal haemorrhages and generalized petechia could be reversed, leading to full recovery. ELISA and neutralizing antibody assays indicate that ZMapp is cross-reactive with the Guinean variant of Ebola.
References
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