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| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
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| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | |
| Name = Down syndrome | | | Name = Down syndrome | |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|90||q|90}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|758.0}} |
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| ICDO = |
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| Image = Drill.jpg <!--- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pictures will be immediately reverted. ---> | | | Image = Drill.jpg <!--- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pictures will be immediately reverted. ---> | |
| Caption = Boy with Down syndrome assembling a bookcase| | | Caption = Boy with Down syndrome assembling a bookcase| |
| OMIM = 190685 |
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| OMIM_mult = |
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| MedlinePlus = 000997 |
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| DiseasesDB = 3898 |
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| MeshID = D004314 |
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| }} | | }} |
| {{Down syndrome}} | | {{Down syndrome}} |
| {{CMG}}
| | '''For patient information, click [[Down syndrome (patient information)|here]]''' |
| ==Overview==
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| ==Sociological and cultural aspects==
| | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{HK}} {{SH}} |
| [[Disability|Advocates]] for people with Down syndrome point to various factors, such as special education and parental support groups to make life easier for parents. There are also strides being made in education, housing, and social settings to create environments which are accessible and supportive to people with Down syndrome. In most developed countries, since the early twentieth century many people with Down syndrome were housed in institutions or colonies and excluded from society. However, since the early 1960s parents and their organizations (such as [http://www.mencap.org.uk/ MENCAP]), educators and other professionals have generally advocated a policy of inclusion,<ref>{{cite book |title=Inclusion |publisher=National Down Syndrome Society |url=http://www.ndss.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1941&Itemid=236 |accessdate = 2006-05-21}}</ref> bringing people with any form of mental or physical disability into general society as much as possible. In many countries, people with Down syndrome are educated in the normal school system; there are increasingly higher-quality opportunities to mix special education with regular education settings.
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| Despite this change, reduced abilities of people with Down syndrome can pose a challenge to parents and families. Although living with family is preferable to institutionalization, people with Down syndrome often encounter patronizing attitudes and discrimination in the wider community.
| | {{SK}} Trisomy 21, trisomy 21 syndrome, mongolianism, mongolism, Down's syndrome baby |
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| The first World Down Syndrome Day was held on 21 March 2006. The day and month were chosen to correspond with 21 and trisomy respectively. It was proclaimed by Down Syndrome International.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.worlddownsyndromeday.org|title=World Down Syndrome Day| accessdate = 2006-06-02}}</ref> In the United States, the National Down Syndrome Society observes Down Syndrome Month every October as "a forum for dispelling stereotypes, providing accurate information, and raising awareness of the potential of individuals with Down syndrome."<ref>[http://www.ndss.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1962&Itemid=233 National Down Syndrome Society]</ref> In South Africa, Down Syndrome Awareness Day is held every October 20.<ref>[http://www.downsyndrome.org.za/main.aspx?artid=54 Down Syndrome South Africa]</ref>
| | ==[[Down syndrome overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==References == | | ==[[Down syndrome historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==Sources== | | ==[[Down syndrome pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| *Arron, Joseph R., et al. (2006). NFAT dysregulation by increased dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A on chromosome 21. ''Nature, 441'': 595-599.
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| *Epstein, Charles J. (2006). Critical Genes in Critical Region. ''Nature, 441'': 582-583.
| | ==[[Down syndrome causes|Causes]]== |
| * {{cite book
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| | last =Ganong
| | ==[[Down syndrome differential diagnosis|Differentiating Down syndrome from other Diseases]]== |
| | first =W.J.
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| | year =2005
| | ==[[Down syndrome epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| | title =Review of Medical Physiology
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| | publisher =Mc-Graw Hill
| | ==[[Down syndrome risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| | location =New York
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| }}
| | ==[[Down syndrome screening|Screening]]== |
| *Nelson, David L., & Gibbs, Richard H. (2004). The Critical Region in Trisomy-21. ''Science, 306'': 619-621.
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| *Olson, L.E., Richtsmeier J.T., & Reeves R.H. (2004). A Chromosome-21 Critical Region Does Not Cause Specific Down Syndrome Phenotypes. ''Science, 306'': 687-690.
| | ==[[Down syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| *Reeves, Roger H., et al. (2000). The DNA Sequence of Human Chromosome 21. ''Nature, 405'': 311-319.
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| * {{cite book
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | last =Underwood
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| | first =J.C.E.
| | [[Down syndrome history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Down syndrome physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Down syndrome laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Down syndrome electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Down syndrome x ray|X Ray]] | [[Down syndrome CT|CT]] | [[Down syndrome MRI|MRI]] | [[Down syndrome echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Down syndrome other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Down syndrome other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| | year =2004
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| | title =General and Systematic Pathology
| | ==Treatment== |
| | publisher =Churchill Livingstone
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| | location =Edinburgh
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| }}
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| ==Bibliography==
| | [[Down syndrome medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Down syndrome surgery|Surgery]] | [[Down syndrome primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Down syndrome secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Down syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Down syndrome future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Down syndrome sociological and cultural aspects|Sociological and Cultural Aspects]] |
| * {{cite book
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| | last =Beck
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| | first =M.N.
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| | year =1999
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| | title =Expecting Adam
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| | publisher =Berkley Books
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| | location =New York
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| | last =Buckley
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| | first =S.
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| | year =2000
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| | title =Living with Down Syndrome
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| | publisher =The Down Syndrome Educational Trust
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| | location =Portsmouth, UK
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| | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=__5wB08U2hMC
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| | isbn =1903806011
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| | last =Down Syndrome Research Foundation
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| | year =2005
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| | title =Bright Beginnings: A Guide for New Parents
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| | publisher =Down Syndrome Research Foundation
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| | location =Buckinghamshire, UK
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| | url =http://www.dsrf.co.uk/Reading_material/Bright_beginnings.htm
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| }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| | journal= Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
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| | year= 2007
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| | volume= 13
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| | issue= 3
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| | pages= 272–8
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| | title= Psychiatric and behavioral disorders in persons with Down syndrome
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| | author= Dykens EM
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| | doi= 10.1002/mrdd.20159
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| | pmid= 17910080
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| }}
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| * Hassold, T.J., D. Patterson, eds. (1999). ''Down Syndrome: A Promising Future, Together''. New York: Wiley Liss.
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| * {{cite book
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| | last =Kingsley
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| | first =J.
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| | coauthors =M. Levitz
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| | year =1994
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| | title =Count Us In: Growing up with Down Syndrome
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| | publisher =Harcourt Brace
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| | location =San Diego
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| }}
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| * Pueschel, S.M., M. Sustrova, eds. (1997). ''Adolescents with Down Syndrome: Toward a More Fulfilling Life''. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
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| * {{cite book
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| | last =Selikowitz
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| | first =M.
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| | edition =2nd edition
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| | year =1997
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| | title =Down Syndrome: The Facts
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| | publisher =Oxford University Press
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| | location =Oxford, UK
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| | last =Van Dyke
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| | first =D.C.
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| | coauthors =P.J. Mattheis, S. Schoon Eberly, J. Williams
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| | year =1995
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| | title =Medical and Surgical Care for Children with Down Syndrome
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| | publisher =Woodbine House
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| | location =Bethesda, MD
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| }}
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| * {{cite book | |
| | last =Zuckoff
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| | first =M.
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| | year =2002
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| | title =Choosing Naia: A Family's Journey
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| | publisher =Beacon Press
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| | location =New York
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| }}
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| {{Chromosomal abnormalities}} | | {{Chromosomal abnormalities}} |