|
|
| (17 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| | __NOTOC__ |
| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | |
| Name = Medical Classifications | | | Name = Medical Classifications | |
| Image = Donovanosis.JPG| | | Image = Donovanosis.JPG| |
| Caption = Donovanosis of the penis. | | | Caption = Donovanosis of the penis. | |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|58||a|50}} |
| |
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|099.2}} |
| |
| }} | | }} |
| {{Taxobox | color = lightgrey | | {{Donovanosis}} |
| | name = ''Calymmatobacterium granulomatis''
| | {{About1|Klebsiella granulomatis}} |
| | regnum = [[Bacteria]]
| | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
| | phylum = [[Proteobacteria]] | | |
| | classis = Gamma Proteobacteria
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KD}}; {{NRM}} |
| | ordo = [[Enterobacteriaceae|Enterobacteriales]]
| |
| | familia = [[Enterobacteriaceae]]
| |
| | genus = Calymmatobacterium or [[Klebsiella]]
| |
| | species = granulomatis
| |
| }} | |
| {{SI}} | |
| {{CMG}} | |
|
| |
|
| | {{SK}} granuloma inguinale; granuloma genitoinguinale; granuloma inguinale tropicum; granuloma venereum; granuloma venereum genitoinguinale; lupoid form of groin ulceration; serpiginous ulceration of the groin; ulcerating granuloma of the pudendum; ulcerating granuloma; ulcerating sclerosing granuloma |
|
| |
|
| | ==[[Donovanosis overview|Overview]]== |
|
| |
|
| '''Donovanosis''', also known as '''granuloma inguinale''', is a [[bacteria]]l [[disease]] that has reached [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] proportions in many underdeveloped regions. Because of the scarcity of medical treatment, the disease often goes untreated. The disease is characterized by '''painless genital ulcers''' which can be mistaken for [[syphilis]].<ref>Murray P. et al. (2005), ''Medical Microbiology, fifth ed.'', Elsevier Mosby, p. 336.</ref> However, they ultimately progress to destruction of internal and external tissue, with leakage of [[mucus]] and [[blood]]. The destructive nature of donovanosis also increases the risk of [[superinfection]] by other pathogenic microbes.
| | ==[[Donovanosis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==Classification== | | ==[[Donovanosis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
|
| |
|
| The proper clinical designation for donovanosis is ''granuloma inguinale''.<ref>Murray P. et al. (2005), ''Medical Microbiology, fifth ed.'', Elsevier Mosby, p. 336.</ref> [[Granuloma]] is a nodular type of inflammatory reaction, and inguinale refers to the [[inguinal]] region, which is commonly involved in this infection. The disease is commonly known as ''donovanosis'', after the Donovan Bodies which are a diagnostic sign. Discovered by a researcher named Donovan, these intracellular inclusions represent bacteria that have been engulfed by scavenger cells called mononuclear phagocytes or [[histiocytes]].
| | ==[[Klebsiella granulomatis|Causes]]== |
|
| |
|
| The causative organism, ''[[Klebsiella]] granulomatis'', used to be called ''Calymmatobacterium granulomatis'', from the Greek ''kalymma'' (a hood or veil), referring to the lesions that contain the bacteria. Prior to this it was called ''Donovania granulomatis'', named after the Donovan Bodies.<ref>Murray P. et al. (2005), ''Medical Microbiology, fifth ed.'', Elsevier Mosby, p. 336.</ref> The species name ''granulomatis'' refers to the granulomatous lesions. The organism was recently reclassified under the genus ''Klebsiella'', a drastic taxonomic change, since it involved changing the organism's [[phylum]]. However, [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) techniques using a colorimetric detection system showed a 99% similarity with other species in the ''Klebsiella'' genus.
| | ==[[Donovanosis classification|Classification]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==Symptoms== | | ==[[Donovanosis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Donovanosis from other Diseases]]== |
|
| |
|
| Small, painless nodules appear after about 10–40 days of the contact with the bacteria. Later the nodules burst, creating open, fleshy, oozing lesions. The infection spreads, mutilating the infected tissue. The infection will continue to destroy the tissue until treated. The lesions occur at the region of contact typically found on the shaft of the [[penis]], the [[labia]], or the [[anus|perianal region]]. Rarely, the [[vagina]]l wall or [[cervix]] is the site of the lesion.
| | ==[[Donovanosis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==Transmission== | | ==[[Donovanosis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
|
| |
|
| The microorganism spreads from one host to another through contact with the open sores. Oral, vaginal or anal [[sexual intercourse|intercourse]] are high risk behaviors to engage in with someone who is infected.
| | ==[[Donovanosis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | | [[Donovanosis history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Donovanosis physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Donovanosis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] |
| The patient’s sexual history is requested. Experienced doctors are able to diagnose donovanosis by only looking at the ulcers. However, it may be necessary for the health care provider to take a sample of tissue in order to correctly diagnose the disease. He or she may decide to add a Wright-Giesmsa stain in order to better view the cells. Additionally, the presence of Donovan bodies in the tissue sample confirms donovanosis.
| |
| | |
| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Donovanosis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Donovanosis prevention|Prevention]] |
|
| |
|
| Three weeks of treatment with [[erythromycin]], [[streptomycin]], or [[tetracycline]], or 12 weeks of treatment with [[ampicillin]] are standard forms of therapy. Normally, the infection will begin to subside within a week of treatment, however, the full treatment period must be followed in order to minimize the possibility of relapse.
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | | [[Donovanosis case study one|Case#1]] |
| ==Prevention== | |
| | |
| The disease is effectively treated with [[antibiotics]], therefore, developed countries, like the [[United States]], have a very low incidence of donovanosis, (approximately 100 cases reported each year in the United States.) However, sexual contacts with individuals in endemic regions dramatically increases the risk of contracting the disease. Avoidance of these sexual contacts, and STD testing before beginning a sexual relationship are effective preventative measures for donovanosis.
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| <references/>
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| *''International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology'', Vol 49, 1695–1700
| |
| *N. O’Farrell, Donovanosis. ''Sexually Transmitted Infections'' December 2002; 78: 452–457.
| |
| *Gavin Hart MD, MPH Transcript of the lecture given at the Australian Society for Infectious Diseases/Australasian College of Tropical Medicine Conference at Palm Cove (Cairns), Queensland on [[19 April]] [[1999]].
| |
| *2001 National Guideline for the management of Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) Association for Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the study of Venereal Diseases
| |
| *Sequencing of 16S rDNA of Klebsiella: taxonomic relations within the genus and to other Enterobacteriaceae. ''International Journal of Medical Microbiology''. 2003 Feb;292(7-8):495–503.
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000636.htm Medline Plus description of Donovanosis (Granuloma inguinale)]
| |
| * [http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic172.htm eMedicine description]
| |
| * [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/4/1695 Research supporting Klebsiella Genus classification]
| |
| * http://www.epigee.org/health/granu_ingui.html
| |
| * http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000636.htm
| |
| * http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/granuloma_inguinale.jsp
| |
| * http://www.indepthlearning.org/std/STDnew.php/76C.html
| |
| * http://www.stdservices.on.net/publications/pdf/donovanosis.pdf
| |
| * http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/c/Calymmatobacterium.php
| |
| * [http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_adam.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcnszSzcontentzSzadamzSzencyzSzarticlezSz000636zPzhtm Resource Library:Granuloma inguinale]
| |
| * http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/e/enterobacteriaceae.html
| |
| * http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm
| |
| * http://www.dscc.edu/bwilliams/Biology/Monera.htm
| |
| * http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/classification_lab.html
| |
| {{STD/STI}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Sexually transmitted infections]] | | [[Category:Sexually transmitted infections]] |
| [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | | [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
| |
|
| |
| [[pl:Ziarniniak pachwinowy]]
| |
|
| |
|
| | [[Category:Disease]] |
|
| |
|
| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}} | | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |