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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
| {{Disequilibrium}} | | {{Disequilibrium}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{VR}} | | {{CMG}}; {{VR}} |
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| {{SK}} Bad balance; chronic dizziness; dizzy; imbalance; instability; loss of balance; off balance; unsteadiness | | {{SK}} Bad balance; chronic dizziness; imbalance; instability; loss of balance; off balance; unsteadiness |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Disequilibrium overview|Overview]]== |
| '''Disequilibrium''' refers to an impaired sense or absence of balance or [[equilibrioception]] that primarily occurs during standing or walking usually without any cephalic sensations like headache, nausea and vomiting. It is one among the causes of [[dizziness]]<ref name="urlChapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient">{{cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_2/chapter_14.html#chpt_14_presyncope |title=Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref>.
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| ==Causes== | | ==[[Disequilibrium historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| ===Life Threatening Causes===
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| *[[Arrhythmia]]
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| *[[Asthma|Asthma exacerbation]]
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| *[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Cerebellar hemorrhage]]
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| *[[Compartment syndrome]]
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| *[[Endophthalmitis]]
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| *[[Epilepsy]]
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| *[[Hypoglycemia]]
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| *[[Organophosphates]]
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| ===Common Causes=== | | ==[[Disequilibrium classification|Classification]]== |
| *[[Cerebellar ataxia|Cerebellar disorders]]
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| *[[Gait abnormality]]
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| *[[Hypoglycemia]]
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| *[[Paralysis]]
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| *[[Peripheral neuropathy]]
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| *[[Vertigo|Vestibular disorders]]
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| *[[Visual impairment]]<ref name="Sturnieks-2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sturnieks | first1 = DL. | last2 = St George | first2 = R. | last3 = Lord | first3 = SR. | title = Balance disorders in the elderly. | journal = Neurophysiol Clin | volume = 38 | issue = 6 | pages = 467-78 | month = Dec | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.001 | PMID = 19026966 }}</ref><ref name="Kroenke-1992">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kroenke | first1 = K. | last2 = Lucas | first2 = CA. | last3 = Rosenberg | first3 = ML. | last4 = Scherokman | first4 = B. | last5 = Herbers | first5 = JE. | last6 = Wehrle | first6 = PA. | last7 = Boggi | first7 = JO. | title = Causes of persistent dizziness. A prospective study of 100 patients in ambulatory care. | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 117 | issue = 11 | pages = 898-904 | month = Dec | year = 1992 | doi = | PMID = 1443950 }}</ref><ref name="Cherchi-2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Cherchi | first1 = M. | title = Infrequent causes of disequilibrium in the adult. | journal = Otolaryngol Clin North Am | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 405-14, ix | month = Apr | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.otc.2011.01.011 | PMID = 21474014 }}</ref>
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| ===Causes by Organ System=== | | ==[[Disequilibrium pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[arrhythmia]], [[arteriosclerosis]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[congestive cardiac failure]], [[dehydration]], [[hypertension]], [[hypotension]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[postural hypotension]], [[transient ischaemic attack]], [[vasculitis]], [[vertebral artery dissection]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrylamide]], [[arsenic]], [[heavy metals]], [[konzo]], [[lead]], [[mercury]], [[methanol]], [[organophosphates]], [[salicylate poisoning]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aminophylline]], [[amiodarone]], [[amphotericin B]], [[antihypertensives]], [[antibiotics]], [[anticholinergics]], [[anticonvulsants]], [[antidepressants]], [[aspirin]], [[aurothioglucose]], [[biguanide]], [[bortezomib]], [[capecitabine]], [[carbachol]], [[carbon tetrachloride]], [[celecoxib]], [[chlorpheniramine]], [[cinnarizine]], [[cisplatin]], [[clomifene]], [[colchicine]], [[dapsone]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disulfiram]], [[diuretics]], [[ethambutol]], [[ethotoin]], [[fluorouracil]], [[hydralazine]], [[hydroxyzine]], [[isoniazid]], [[ixabepilone]], [[lamivudine]], [[leflunomide]], [[linezolid]], [[lithium]], [[mefloquine]], [[melarsoprol]], [[metronidazole]], [[nalidixic acid ]], [[neuroleptics]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[nortriptyline]], [[nucleoside analogues]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[paclitaxel]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[phenytoin]], [[physostigmine]], [[prochlorperazine]], [[pyridoxine]], [[rofecoxib]], [[sedatives]], [[stavudine]], [[suramin]], [[taxol]], [[thallium]], [[toluene]], [[trabectedin]], [[tranquilizers]], [[vaccines]], [[verteporfin]], [[vigabatrin]], [[vincristine]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hearing impairment|Impaired hearing]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[diabetic amyotrophy]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Diabetic neuropathy|diabetic radiculopathy]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[phaeochromocytoma]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Altitude sickness]], [[cold exposure]], [[electrical injury]], [[heat stroke]], [[lathyrism]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac disease]], [[chronic liver disease]], [[hepatic cirrhosis]], [[Fistula|intestinal fistula]], [[primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[pyloric stenosis]], [[tropical sprue]], [[viral hepatitis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]], [[Leukoencephalopathy|4H syndrome]], [[abetalipoproteinemia]], [[adrenoleukodystrophy]], [[adrenomyeloneuropathy]], [[alpha-mannosidase deficiency]], [[AMACR|alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency]], [[argininosuccinic aciduria]], [[Metachromatic leukodystrophy|arylsulphatase A deficiency]], [[aspartoacylase deficiency]], [[ataxia-telangiectasia]], [[Cutis laxa|ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa]], [[bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria]], [[biotinidase deficiency]], [[carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]], [[carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a]], [[SACS (gene)|Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia]], [[Cockayne syndrome]], [[Mitochondrial disease|coenzyme Q10 deficiency]], [[De Grouchy Syndrome]], [[dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], [[Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis|Gamstorp-Wohlfart syndrome]], [[glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]], [[GM2 gangliosidosis]], [[Griscelli syndrome]], [[Haw river syndrome]], [[hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]], [[Huntington disease]], [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[Joubert syndrome]], [[Loken Senior syndrome]], [[Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]], [[MELAS]], [[MERRF]], [[MPV17|MPV17 gene mutation]], [[Biotinidase deficiency|multiple carboxylase deficiency]], [[Phenylketonuria|phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency]], [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]], [[Refsum disease]], [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome|Roussy-Levy disease]], [[Sandhoff disease]], [[KCNJ10|SeSAME syndrome]], [[Silver-Russell dwarfism|Silver syndrome]], [[SPG20|Troyer syndrome]], [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]], [[Van der Knaap disease]], [[Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]], [[haemochromatosis]], [[leukemia]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[pernicious anemia]], [[plasmacytoma]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[sideroblastic anemia]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myelopathy|Acute necrotizing myelopathy]], [[Transverse myelitis|acute viral myelitis]], [[borrelia burgdorferi]], [[botulism]], [[Encephalitis|brainstem encephalitis]], [[brucellosis]], [[cerebellar abscess]], [[chickenpox]], [[coxsackie A virus]], [[cysticercosis]], [[Cytomegalovirus|cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]], [[diphtheria]], [[encephalomyelitis]], [[endophthalmitis]], [[epidural abscess]], [[epstein-barr virus]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[herpes simplex]], [[herpes zoster]], [[HIV]], [[leprosy]], [[lyme disease]], [[malaria]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[ophthalmia neonatorum]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[polymyositis]], [[schistosoma]], [[septic arthritis]], [[septicemia]], [[syphilis]], [[tick paralysis]], [[transient synovitis]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[tuberculosis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[viral hepatitis]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carpal tunnel syndrome]], [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome|Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]], [[chondroma]], [[compartment syndrome]], [[connective tissue disease]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Ewing's sarcoma]], [[Neuropathy|femoral neuropathy]], [[hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]], [[Spinal disc herniation|herniated vertebral disc]], [[Bone fracture|leg fractures]], [[muscle weakness]], [[osteoarthritis]], [[osteochondroma]], [[osteoma]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[osteosarcoma]], [[Pagets disease]], [[Neuropathy|peroneal compression at the fibular neck]], [[Perthes disease]], [[septic arthritis]], [[slipped upper femoral epiphysis]], [[tarsal tunnel syndrome]], [[transient synovitis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]], [[Myelopathy|acute necrotizing myelopathy]], [[Transverse myelitis|acute viral myelitis]], [[alcoholic polyneuropathy]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[Cerebellar ataxia|anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated cerebellar ataxia]], [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]], [[Apraxia|ataxia-oculomotor apraxia]], [[Migraine|basilar migraine]], [[benign paroxysmal vertigo]], [[Encephalitis|brainstem encephalitis]], [[carotid-cavernous fistula]], [[cerebellar abscess]], [[cerebellar hypoplasia]], [[cerebellar ataxia]], [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|cerebellar dyssynergia]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage|cerebellar hemorrhage]], [[Medulloblastoma|cerebellar tumor]], [[Dandy-Walker syndrome|cerebellar vermis agenesis]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis]], [[cerebrovascular disease]], [[ceroid lipofuscinosis]], [[cervical spondylosis]], [[cockayne syndrome]], [[Delirium|confusional state]], [[Copper deficiency|copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]], [[cortical visual impairment]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[Cytomegalovirus|cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]], [[Dandy-Walker syndrome]], [[Neuropathy|deafferentation]], [[Myelopathy|decompression sickness myelopathy]], [[Dejerine Sottas syndrome]], [[dementia]], [[demyelination]], [[diabetic amyotrophy]], [[Diabetic neuropathy|diabetic radiculopathy]], [[Schilder's disease|diffuse sclerosis of Schilder]], [[Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy|distal hereditary neuronopathy]], [[dural arteriovenous fistula]], [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica]], [[encephalocele]], [[encephalomyelitis]], [[epidural abscess]], [[epilepsy]], [[episodic ataxia]], [[Worster-Drought syndrome|familial Danish dementia]], [[familial hemiplegic migraine]], [[Intrauterine growth retardation|fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], [[Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome]], [[giant axonal neuropathy]], [[Haw River syndrome]], [[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy|hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy]], [[hereditary ataxia]], [[hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy]], [[hereditary spastic paraplegia]], [[Spinal disc herniation|Herniated vertebral disc]], [[hypoxia]], [[Neuropathy|idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]], [[Small fiber peripheral neuropathy|idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]], [[intracranial space-occupying lesion]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]], [[Klumpke paralysis]], [[lathyrism]], [[Leigh syndrome]], [[Flaccid paralysis|lower motor neuron weakness]], [[Plexopathy|lumbosacral plexitis]], [[Machado-Joseph disease]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[meralgia paresthetica]], [[migraine]], [[Mitochondrial disease|mitochondrial ataxia]], [[multifocal motor neuropathy]], [[multiple lentigines syndrome]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[Neuropathy|multiple sensory defect dizziness]], [[Shy-Drager syndrome|multiple system atrophy syndromes]], [[myasthenia gravis]], [[myelopathy]], [[Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa|NARP syndrome]], [[neurofibromatosis]], [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]], [[Claude syndrome|Nothnagel Claude syndrome]], [[Obturator nerve|obturator neuropathy]], [[olivopontocerebellar atrophy]], [[Myoclonus|orthostatic myoclonus]], [[pantothenate kinase]], [[paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]], [[Neuropathy|paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]], [[Parkinson disease]], [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], [[polyrediculitis]], [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]], [[posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome]], [[raised intracranial pressure]], [[Sandhoff disease]], [[Neuropathy|sciatic neuropathy]], [[Arteriovenous malformation|spinal arteriovenous malformations]], [[spinal cord tumor]], [[Epidural hematoma|spinal epidural hematoma]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia]], [[stroke]], [[Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord|subacute combined degeneration]], [[Leigh's disease|subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]], [[Neuropathy|subacute sensory neuronopathy]], [[Superior orbital fissure|superior orbital fissure syndrome]], [[syringobulbia]], [[syringomyelia]], [[transient ischaemic attack]], [[transverse myelitis]], [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]], [[Spasticity|upper motor neuron weakness]], [[urination]], [[Van der Knaap disease]], [[vasculitis]], [[Vasovagal syncope|vasovagal attacks]], [[Vertigo|vestibular disorder]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase|2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[acute intermittent porphyria]], [[alpha-mannosidase deficiency]], [[AMACR|alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency]], [[argininosuccinic aciduria]], [[Metachromatic leukodystrophy|arylsulphatase A deficiency]], [[aspartoacylase deficiency]], [[beri-beri]], [[carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]], [[carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a]], [[Porphyria|Chester porphyria]], [[citrullinemia]], [[cytosine arabinoside]], [[erythropoietic protoporphyria]], [[GM2 gangliosidosis]], [[Hartnup disease]], [[Ornithine translocase deficiency|homocitrullinuria syndrome]], [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[hyponatremia]], [[isovaleric acidemia]], [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]], [[Maple syrup urine disease]], [[metabolic acidosis]], [[Biotinidase deficiency|multiple carboxylase deficiency]], [[Amblyopia|nutritional amblyopia]], [[ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]], [[Phenylketonuria|phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency]], [[porphyria]], [[pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]], [[pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Strachan syndrome]], [[uremia]], [[Wilson disease]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Childbirth]], [[menopause]], [[pregnancy]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]], [[Medulloblastoma|cerebellar tumors]], [[chondroma]], [[Ewing's sarcoma]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[lung carcinoma]], [[neuroblastoma]], [[neurofibromatosis type 1]], [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[osteochondroma]], [[osteoma]], [[osteosarcoma]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[plasmacytoma]], [[spinal cord tumor]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ophthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cataract]], [[central serous chorioretinopathy]], [[cortical visual impairment]], [[endophthalmitis]], [[Dyskeratosis congenita|Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome]], [[hyphema]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Miller-Fisher syndrome]], [[ocular ischemic syndrome]], [[ophthalmia neonatorum]], [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]], [[retinal degeneration]], [[retrolental fibroplasia]], [[visual impairment]], [[vitreous hemorrhage]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ethanol|Alcohol toxicity]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asthma|Asthma exacerbation]], [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation]], [[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|diffuse pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pleural effusion]], [[pneumonia]], [[pneumothorax]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Renal failure]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]], [[benign monoclonal gammopathy]], [[connective tissue disease]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[fibromyalgia]], [[gout]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[lymphomatoid granulomatosis]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[mixed connective tissue disease]], [[monoclonal gammopathy]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[pseudogout]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[scleroderma]], [[seronegative spondyloarthritis]], [[Sjögren's syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Intracranial hemorrhage|Cerebellar hemorrhage]], [[head injury]], [[Bone fracture|leg fractures]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[cryoglobulinemia]], [[dysproteinemia]], [[emotions]], [[Fatigue|generalized weakness]], [[hyperventilation]], [[metachromatic leukodystrophy]], [[multiple hamartoma syndrome]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[old age]], [[pain]], [[paraproteinemia]], [[Salla disease]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shy-Drager syndrome]], [[sialidosis]], [[Tay-Sachs disease]]
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | | ==[[Disequilibrium causes|Causes]]== |
| {{col-begin|width=85%}}
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase|2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
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| *[[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]]
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| *[[Leukoencephalopathy|4H syndrome]]
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| *[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
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| *[[Acoustic neuroma]]
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| *[[Acromegaly]]
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| *[[Acrylamide]]
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| *[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
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| *[[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]]
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| *[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
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| *[[Myelopathy|Acute necrotizing myelopathy]]
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| *[[Transverse myelitis|Acute viral myelitis]]
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| *[[Adrenoleukodystrophy]]
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| *[[Adrenomyeloneuropathy]]
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| *[[AIDS]]
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| *[[Alcohol dependence]]
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| *[[Ethanol|Alcohol toxicity]]
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| *[[Alcoholic polyneuropathy]]
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| *[[Alpha-mannosidase deficiency]]
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| *[[AMACR|Alpha-methylacyl-coa racemase deficiency]]
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| *[[Altitude sickness]]
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| *[[Aminophylline]]
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| *[[Amiodarone]]
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| *[[Amphotericin B]]
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| *[[Amyloidosis]]
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| *[[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
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| *[[Anemia]]
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| *[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
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| *[[Antihypertensives]]
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| *[[Cerebellar ataxia|Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated cerebellar ataxia]]
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| *[[Antibiotics]]
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| *[[Anticholinergics]]
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| *[[Anticonvulsants]]
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| *[[Antidepressants]]
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| *[[Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]]
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| *[[Anxiety]]
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| *[[Argininosuccinic aciduria]]
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| *[[Arnold-Chiari malformation]]
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| *[[Arrhythmia]]
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| *[[Arsenic]]
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| *[[Arteriosclerosis]]
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| *[[Metachromatic leukodystrophy|Arylsulphatase A deficiency]]
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| *[[Aspartoacylase deficiency]]
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| *[[Aspirin]]
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| *[[Asthma|Asthma exacerbation]]
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| *[[Apraxia|Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia]]
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| *[[Ataxia-telangiectasia]]
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| *[[Cutis laxa|ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa]]
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| *[[Aurothioglucose]]
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| *[[Migraine|Basilar migraine]]
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| *[[Benign monoclonal gammopathy]]
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| *[[Benign paroxysmal vertigo]]
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| *[[Beri-beri]]
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| *[[Biguanide]]
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| *[[Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria]]
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| *[[Biotinidase deficiency]]
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| *[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
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| *[[Bortezomib]]
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| *[[Botulism]]
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| *[[Encephalitis|Brainstem encephalitis]]
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| *[[Somatization disorder|Briquet's syndrome]]
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| *[[Brucellosis]]
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| *[[Capecitabine]]
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| *[[Carbachol]]
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| *[[Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]]
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| *[[Carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a]]
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| *[[Carbon tetrachloride]]
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| *[[Cardiomyopathy]]
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| *[[Carotid-cavernous fistula]]
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| *[[Carpal tunnel syndrome]]
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| *[[Cataract]]
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| *[[Celecoxib]]
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| *[[Celiac disease]]
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| *[[Central serous chorioretinopathy]]
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| *[[Cerebellar abscess]]
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| *[[Cerebellar hypoplasia]]
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| *[[Cerebellar ataxia]]
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| *[[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|Cerebellar dyssynergia]]
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| *[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Cerebellar hemorrhage]]
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| *[[Medulloblastoma|Cerebellar tumor]]
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| *[[Dandy-Walker syndrome|Cerebellar vermis agenesis]]
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| *[[Cerebral palsy]]
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| *[[Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis]]
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| *[[Cerebrovascular disease]]
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| *[[Ceroid lipofuscinosis]]
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| *[[Cervical spondylosis]]
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| *[[Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome|Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]]
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| *[[SACS (gene)|Charlevoix-saguenay spastic ataxia]]
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| *[[Porphyria|Chester porphyria]]
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| *[[Chickenpox]]
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| *[[Childbirth]]
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| *[[Chlorpheniramine]]
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| *[[Chondroma]]
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| *[[Chronic liver disease]]
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| *[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation]]
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| *[[Cinnarizine]]
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| *[[Cisplatin]]
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| *[[Citrullinemia]]
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| *[[Claude syndrome]]
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| *[[Clomifene]]
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| *[[Cockayne syndrome]]
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| *[[Mitochondrial disease|Coenzyme Q10 deficiency]]
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| *[[Colchicine]]
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| *[[Cold exposure]]
| |
| *[[Compartment syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Delirium|Confusional state]]
| |
| *[[Congestive cardiac failure]]
| |
| *[[Connective tissue disease]]
| |
| *[[Copper deficiency|Copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Cortical visual impairment]]
| |
| *[[Coxsackie A virus]]
| |
| *[[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]
| |
| *[[Cryoglobulinemia]]
| |
| *[[Cysticercosis]]
| |
| *[[Cytomegalovirus|Cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]]
| |
| *[[Cytosine arabinoside]]
| |
| *[[Dandy-Walker syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Dapsone]]
| |
| *[[Neuropathy|Deafferentation]]
| |
| *[[Myelopathy|Decompression sickness myelopathy]]
| |
| *[[De Grouchy Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Dehydration]]
| |
| *[[Dejerine Sottas syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Dementia]]
| |
| *[[Demyelination]]
| |
| *[[Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy]]
| |
| *[[Depression]]
| |
| *[[Dermatomyositis]]
| |
| *[[Diabetes mellitus]]
| |
| *[[Diabetic amyotrophy]]
| |
| *[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
| |
| *[[Diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic radiculopathy]]
| |
| *[[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis]]
| |
| *[[Schilder's disease|Diffuse sclerosis of Schilder]]
| |
| *[[Diphenhydramine]]
| |
| *[[Diphtheria]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy|Distal hereditary neuronopathy]]
| |
| *[[Disulfiram]]
| |
| *[[Diuretics]]
| |
| *[[Dothiepin]]
| |
| *[[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
| |
| *[[Dural arteriovenous fistula]]
| |
| *[[Dysproteinemia]]
| |
| *[[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|Dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica]]
| |
| *[[Electrical injury]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Emotions]]
| |
| *[[Encephalocele]]
| |
| *[[Encephalomyelitis]]
| |
| *[[Endophthalmitis]]
| |
| *[[Epidural abscess]]
| |
| *[[Epilepsy]]
| |
| *[[Episodic ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Epstein-barr virus ]]
| |
| *[[Erythropoietic protoporphyria]]
| |
| *[[Ethambutol]]
| |
| *[[Ethotoin]]
| |
| *[[Ewing's sarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Fabry's disease]]
| |
| *[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Worster-Drought syndrome|Familial danish dementia]]
| |
| *[[Familial hemiplegic migraine]]
| |
| *[[Neuropathy|Femoral neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Intrauterine growth retardation|Fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]]
| |
| *[[Fibromyalgia]]
| |
| *[[Fluorouracil]]
| |
| *[[Friedreich's ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis|Gamstorp-Wohlfart syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Fatigue|Generalized weakness]]
| |
| *[[Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Giant axonal neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[GM2 gangliosidosis]]
| |
| *[[Gout]]
| |
| *[[Griscelli syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Haemochromatosis]]
| |
| *[[Hartnup disease]]
| |
| *[[Haw river syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Head injury]]
| |
| *[[Heat stroke]]
| |
| *[[Heavy metals]]
| |
| *[[Hepatic cirrhosis]]
| |
| *[[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy|Hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary spastic paraplegia]]
| |
| *[[Spinal disc herniation|Herniated vertebral disc]]
| |
| *[[Herpes simplex]]
| |
| *[[Herpes zoster]]
| |
| *[[HIV]]
| |
| *[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Ornithine translocase deficiency|Homocitrullinuria syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Dyskeratosis congenita|Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Huntington disease]]
| |
| *[[Hydralazine]]
| |
| *[[Hydroxyzine ]]
| |
| *[[Hypertension]]
| |
| *[[Hyperthyroidism]]
| |
| *[[Hyperventilation syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Hyperventilation]]
| |
| *[[Hyphema]]
| |
| *[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypocalcemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypochondriasis]]
| |
| *[[Hypoglycemia]]
| |
| *[[Hyponatremia]]
| |
| *[[Hypoparathyroidism]]
| |
| *[[Hypotension]]
| |
| *[[Hypothyroidism ]]
| |
| *[[Hypoxia]]
| |
| *[[Hysteria]]
| |
| *[[Neuropathy|Idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Small fiber peripheral neuropathy|Idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Hearing impairment|Impaired hearing]]
| |
| *[[Fistula|Intestinal fistula]]
| |
| *[[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]]
| |
| *[[Isoniazid]]
| |
| *[[Isovaleric acidemia]]
| |
| *[[Ixabepilone]]
| |
| *[[Joubert syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Klumpke paralysis]]
| |
| *[[Konzo]]
| |
| *[[Lamivudine]]
| |
| *[[Lathyrism]]
| |
| *[[Lead]]
| |
| *[[Leflunomide]]
| |
| *[[Bone fracture|Leg fractures]]
| |
| *[[Leigh syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Leprosy]]
| |
| *[[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Leukemia]]
| |
| *[[Linezolid]]
| |
| *[[Lithium ]]
| |
| *[[Loken Senior syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Flaccid paralysis|Lower motor neuron weakness]]
| |
| *[[Plexopathy|Lumbosacral plexitis]]
| |
| *[[Lung carcinoma]]
| |
| *[[Lyme disease]]
| |
| *[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]
| |
| *[[Machado-Joseph disease]]
| |
| *[[Major depression]]
| |
| *[[Malaria]]
| |
| *[[Malingering]]
| |
| *[[Maple syrup urine disease]]
| |
| *[[Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Mefloquine ]]
| |
| *[[Melarsoprol]]
| |
| *[[MELAS]]
| |
| *[[Meningoencephalitis]]
| |
| *[[Menopause]]
| |
| *[[Meralgia paresthetica]]
| |
| *[[Mercury]]
| |
| *[[MERRF]]
| |
| *[[Metabolic acidosis]]
| |
| *[[Metachromatic leukodystrophy]]
| |
| *[[Methanol]]
| |
| *[[Metronidazole]]
| |
| *[[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
| |
| *[[Migraine ]]
| |
| *[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Miller-Fisher syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Mitochondrial disease|Mitochondrial ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
| |
| *[[Monoclonal gammopathy]]
| |
| *[[MPV17|MPV17 gene mutation]]
| |
| *[[Multifocal motor neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Biotinidase deficiency|Multiple carboxylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Multiple hamartoma syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Multiple lentigines syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Multiple myeloma]]
| |
| *[[Multiple sclerosis]]
| |
| *[[Neuropathy|Multiple sensory defect dizziness]]
| |
| *[[Shy-Drager syndrome|Multiple system atrophy syndromes]]
| |
| *[[Muscle weakness ]]
| |
| *[[Myasthenia gravis]]
| |
| *[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
| |
| *[[Myelopathy]]
| |
| *[[Myocardial infarction]]
| |
| *[[Nalidixic acid]]
| |
| *[[Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa|NARP syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Neuroblastoma]]
| |
| *[[Neurofibromatosis type 1]]
| |
| *[[Neuroleptics]]
| |
| *[[Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]]
| |
| *[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
| |
| *[[Nitrofurantoin]]
| |
| *[[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Nortriptyline]]
| |
| *[[Claude syndrome|Nothnagel Claude syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Nucleoside analogues ]]
| |
| *[[Amblyopia|Nutritional amblyopia]]
| |
| *[[Obturator nerve|Obturator neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Ocular ischemic syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Old age]]
| |
| *[[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy]]
| |
| *[[Ophthalmia neonatorum]]
| |
| *[[Organophosphates]]
| |
| *[[Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Myoclonus|Orthostatic myoclonus]]
| |
| *[[Osteoarthritis]]
| |
| *[[Osteochondroma]]
| |
| *[[Osteoma]]
| |
| *[[Osteomyelitis]]
| |
| *[[Osteosarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Oxaliplatin]]
| |
| *[[Paclitaxel]]
| |
| *[[Pagets disease]]
| |
| *[[Pain]]
| |
| *[[Pantothenate kinase]]
| |
| *[[Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]]
| |
| *[[Neuropathy|Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Paraneoplastic syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Paraproteinemia]]
| |
| *[[Parkinson disease]]
| |
| *[[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]]
| |
| *[[Peripheral neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Pernicious anemia]]
| |
| *[[Neuropathy|Peroneal compression at the fibular neck]]
| |
| *[[Perthes disease]]
| |
| *[[Phaeochromocytoma]]
| |
| *[[Phenylketonuria|Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Phenylbutazone ]]
| |
| *[[Phenytoin]]
| |
| *[[Physostigmine]]
| |
| *[[Plasmacytoma]]
| |
| *[[Pleural effusion]]
| |
| *[[Pneumonia]]
| |
| *[[Pneumothorax]]
| |
| *[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
| |
| *[[Polycythemia vera]]
| |
| *[[Polymyositis]]
| |
| *[[Polyrediculitis]]
| |
| *[[Porphyria]]
| |
| *[[Posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Postural hypotension]]
| |
| *[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| *[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
| |
| *[[Prochlorperazine ]]
| |
| *[[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia]]
| |
| *[[Pseudogout]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary edema]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| |
| *[[Pyloric stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Pyridoxine]]
| |
| *[[Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Radiotherapy]]
| |
| *[[Raised intracranial pressure]]
| |
| *[[Refsum disease]]
| |
| *[[Reiter's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Renal failure]]
| |
| *[[Retinal degeneration]]
| |
| *[[Retrolental fibroplasia ]]
| |
| *[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Rofecoxib]]
| |
| *[[Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome|Roussy-levy disease]]
| |
| *[[Salicylate poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Salla disease]]
| |
| *[[Sandhoff disease]]
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| *[[Schistosoma]]
| |
| *[[Schizophrenia]]
| |
| *[[Neuropathy|Sciatic neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Scleroderma]]
| |
| *[[Sedatives ]]
| |
| *[[Septic arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Septicemia]]
| |
| *[[Seronegative spondyloarthritis]]
| |
| *[[KCNJ10|SeSAME syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Shy-Drager syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sialidosis]]
| |
| *[[Sideroblastic anemia]]
| |
| *[[Silver-Russell dwarfism|Silver syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Slipped upper femoral epiphysis]]
| |
| *[[Arteriovenous malformation|Spinal arteriovenous malformations]]
| |
| *[[Spinal cord tumor]]
| |
| *[[Epidural hematoma|Spinal epidural hematoma]]
| |
| *[[Spinocerebellar ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Stavudine]]
| |
| *[[Strachan syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Stroke]]
| |
| *[[Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord|Subacute combined degeneration]]
| |
| *[[Leigh's disease|Subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]]
| |
| *[[Neuropathy|Subacute sensory neuronopathy]]
| |
| *[[Superior orbital fissure|Superior orbital fissure syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Suramin]]
| |
| *[[Syphilis]]
| |
| *[[Syringobulbia]]
| |
| *[[Syringomyelia]]
| |
| *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
| |
| *[[Tarsal tunnel syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Taxol]]
| |
| *[[Tay-Sachs disease]]
| |
| *[[Thallium]]
| |
| *[[Thiamine deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Tick paralysis]]
| |
| *[[Toluene]]
| |
| *[[Tropical sprue]]
| |
| *[[Trabectedin]]
| |
| *[[Tranquilizers]]
| |
| *[[Transient ischemic attack]]
| |
| *[[Transient synovitis]]
| |
| *[[Transverse myelitis ]]
| |
| *[[Treponema pallidum]]
| |
| *[[SPG20|Troyer syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Tuberculosis]]
| |
| *[[Typhoid fever]]
| |
| *[[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]]
| |
| *[[Spasticity|Upper motor neuron weakness]]
| |
| *[[Uremia]]
| |
| *[[Urination]]
| |
| *[[Vaccines]]
| |
| *[[Van der Knaap disease]]
| |
| *[[Vasculitis]]
| |
| *[[Vasovagal syncope|Vasovagal attacks]]
| |
| *[[Vertebral artery dissection]]
| |
| *[[Verteporfin]]
| |
| *[[Vertigo|Vestibular disorder]]
| |
| *[[Vigabatrin]]
| |
| *[[Vincristine]]
| |
| *[[Viral hepatitis]]
| |
| *[[Visual impairment]]
| |
| *[[Vitamin B1 deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Vitreous hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Wilson disease]]
| |
| *[[Xeroderma pigmentosum]]
| |
| *[[Zalcitabine]]
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
|
| |
|
| == References == | | ==[[Disequilibrium differential diagnosis|Differentiating Disequilibrium from other Diseases]]== |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | | ==[[Disequilibrium epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| [[Category:Otolaryngology]]
| |
| [[Category:Neurology]]
| |
| [[Category:Musculoskeletal disorders]]
| |
| [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
| |
|
| |
|
| {{WH}}
| | ==[[Disequilibrium risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| {{WS}}
| | |
| | ==[[Disequilibrium natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| | |
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | |
| | [[Disequilibrium history and symptoms|History and Symptoms ]] | [[ Disequilibrium physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Disequilibrium laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Disequilibrium CT|CT]] | [[Disequilibrium other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Disequilibrium other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| | |
| | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Disequilibrium medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Disequilibrium surgery|Surgery]] | [[Disequilibrium primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Disequilibrium secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Disequilibrium cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Disequilibrium future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| | |
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Disequilibrium case study one|Case #1]] |