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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{SI}} | | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
| | {{Disequilibrium}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{VR}} | | {{CMG}}; {{VR}} |
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| {{SK}} Loss of balance; imbalance; off balance; unsteadiness | | {{SK}} Bad balance; chronic dizziness; imbalance; instability; loss of balance; off balance; unsteadiness |
| ==Overview==
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| '''Disequilibrium''' refers to an impaired sense or absence of balance or [[equilibrioception]], which primarily occurs during standing or walking usually without any cephalic sensations like headache, nausea and vomiting. It is one among the causes of [[dizziness]]<ref name="urlChapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient">{{cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_2/chapter_14.html#chpt_14_presyncope |title=Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref> and is often accompanied by spatial disorientation.
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| ==Causes== | | ==[[Disequilibrium overview|Overview]]== |
| ===Life Threatening Causes===
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| ===Common Causes===
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| ===Causes by Organ System===
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| {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[arrhythmia]], [[arteriosclerosis]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[congestive cardiac failure]], [[dehydration]], [[hypertension]], [[hypotension]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[postural hypotension]], [[transient ischaemic attack]], [[vasculitis]], [[vertebral artery dissection]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrylamide]], [[arsenic]], [[gamma-diketone hexacarbons]], [[heavy metals]], [[konzo]], [[lead]], [[mercury]], [[methanol]], [[organophosphates]], [[salicylate poisoning]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aminophylline]], [[amiodarone]], [[amphotericin B]], [[antihypertensives]], [[antibiotics]], [[anticholinergics]], [[anticonvulsants]], [[antidepressants]], [[aspirin]], [[aurothioglucose]], [[biguanide]], [[bortezomib]], [[capecitabine]], [[carbachol]], [[carbon tetrachloride]], [[celecoxib]], [[chlorpheniramine]], [[cinnarizine]], [[cisplatin]], [[clomifene]], [[colchicine]], [[dapsone]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disulfiram]], [[diuretics]], [[ethambutol]], [[ethotoin]], [[fluorouracil]], [[hydralazine]], [[hydroxyzine]], [[isoniazid]], [[ixabepilone]], [[lamivudine]], [[leflunomide]], [[linezolid]], [[lithium]], [[mefloquine]], [[melarsoprol]], [[metronidazole]], [[nalidixic acid ]], [[neuroleptics]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[nortriptyline]], [[nucleoside analogues]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[paclitaxel]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[phenytoin]], [[physostigmine]], [[prochlorperazine]], [[pyridoxine]], [[rofecoxib]], [[sedatives]], [[stavudine]], [[suramin]], [[taxol]], [[thallium]], [[toluene]], [[trabectedin]], [[tranquilizers]], [[vaccines]], [[verteporfin]], [[vigabatrin]], [[vincristine]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hearing impairment|Impaired hearing]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[diabetic amyotrophy]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Diabetic neuropathy|diabetic radiculopathy]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[phaeochromocytoma]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Altitude sickness]], [[cold exposure]], [[electrical injury]], [[heat stroke]], [[lathyrism]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac disease]], [[chronic liver disease]], [[hepatic cirrhosis]], [[Fistula|intestinal fistula]], [[primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[pyloric stenosis]], [[tropical sprue]], [[viral hepatitis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]], [[Leukoencephalopathy|4H syndrome]], [[abetalipoproteinemia]], [[adrenoleukodystrophy]], [[adrenomyeloneuropathy]], [[alpha-mannosidase deficiency]], [[AMACR|alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency]], [[Andermann syndrome]], [[argininosuccinic aciduria]], [[Metachromatic leukodystrophy|arylsulphatase A deficiency]], [[aspartoacylase deficiency]], [[ataxia-telangiectasia]], [[Cutis laxa|ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa]], [[bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria]], [[biotinidase deficiency]], [[carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]], [[carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a]], [[CCFDN syndrome]], [[SACS (gene)|Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia]], [[Christianson syndrome]], [[Coach syndrome]], [[Cockayne syndrome]], [[coenzyme Q10 deficiency]], [[dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], [[Friedrich's ataxia]], [[Gamstorp-Wohlfart syndrome]], [[glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]], [[GM2 gangliosidosis]], [[Griscelli syndrome type 2]], [[Haw river syndrome]], [[hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]], [[Huntington disease]], [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[Joubert syndrome]], [[Loken senior syndrome]], [[Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]], [[MELAS]], [[MERRF]], [[multiple carboxylase deficiency]], [[Navajo neurohepatopathy]], [[phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency]], [[Pitt-Hopkins syndrome]], [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]], [[Refsum disease]], [[Revesz syndrome]], [[Roussy-Levy disease]], [[Sandhoff disease ]], [[SeSAME syndrome]], [[Silver syndrome]], [[Troyer syndrome]], [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]], [[Van der Knaap disease]], [[Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]], [[haemochromatosis]], [[leukemia]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[pernicious anemia]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[sideroblastic anemia ]], [[solitary plasmacytoma]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]], [[acute necrotizing myelopathy]], [[acute viral myelitis]], [[borrelia burgdorferi]], [[botulism]], [[brainstem encephalitis]], [[brucellosis]], [[cerebellar abscess]], [[chickenpox]], [[coxsackie disease]], [[cysticercosis]], [[cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]], [[diphtheria]], [[encephalomyelitis]], [[endophthalmitis]], [[epidural abscess]], [[epstein-barr virus]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[herpes simplex]], [[herpes zoster]], [[HIV]], [[infectious cerebellitis]], [[leprosy]], [[lyme disease]], [[malaria]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[ophthalmia neonatorum]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[polymyositis]], [[schistosoma]], [[septic arthritis]], [[septicemia]], [[syphilis]], [[tick paralysis]], [[transient synovitis]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[tuberculosis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[viral hepatitis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carpal tunnel syndrome]], [[Charcot-Marie-tooth disease]], [[chondroma]], [[compartment syndrome]], [[connective tissue disease]], [[dermatomyosistis]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Ewing's sarcoma]], [[femoral neuropathy]], [[hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]], [[herniated vertebral disc]], [[leg fractures]], [[muscle weakness]], [[osteoarthritis]], [[osteochondroma]], [[osteoma]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[osteosarcoma]], [[Pagets disease]], [[peroneal compression at the fibular neck]], [[Perthes disease]], [[septic arthritis]], [[slipped upper femoral epiphysis]], [[tarsal tunnel syndrome ]], [[transient synovitis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]], [[acute necrotizing myelopathy]], [[acute viral myelitis]], [[alcoholic polyneuropathy]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad)-associated cerebellar ataxia]], [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]], [[ataxia-oculomotor apraxia]], [[basilar migraine]], [[benign paroxysmal vertigo]], [[brainstem encephalitis]], [[carotid-cavernous fistula]], [[cerebellar abscess]], [[cerebellar aplasia, dysplasia, or hypoplasia]], [[cerebellar ataxia]], [[cerebellar degeneration]], [[cerebellar dyssynergia]], [[cerebellar hemorrhage]], [[cerebellar tumors]], [[cerebellar vermis agenesis]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis]], [[cerebrovascular disease]], [[ceroid lipofuscinosis]], [[cervical spondylosis]], [[Christianson syndrome]], [[cockayne syndrome]], [[confusional state]], [[copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]], [[cortical visual impairment]], [[Creutzfeldt Jakob disease]], [[cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]], [[Dandy-Walker syndrome]], [[deafferentation]], [[decompression sickness myelopathy]], [[Déjerine-Sottas neuropathy]], [[dementia]], [[demyelination]], [[diabetic amyotrophy]], [[diabetic radiculopathy]], [[diffuse sclerosis of schilder]], [[distal hereditary neuronopathy]], [[dural arteriovenous fistula]], [[dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica]], [[encephalocele]], [[encephalomyelitis]], [[epidural abscess]], [[epilepsy]], [[episodic ataxia]], [[familial Danish dementia]], [[familial hemiplegic migraine]], [[fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]], [[Friedrich's ataxia]], [[Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome]], [[giant axonal neuropathy]], [[Haw River syndrome]], [[hepatic myelopathy]], [[hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies]], [[hereditary ataxia]], [[hereditary liability to pressure palsy]], [[hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy]], [[hereditary spastic paraplegias]], [[herniated vertebral disc]], [[hypomyelination]], [[hypoxia]], [[idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]], [[idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]], [[infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia]], [[infectious cerebellitis]], [[intracranial space-occupying lesion]], [[intramedullary spinal arteriovenous malformations]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]], [[Klumpke paralysis]], [[lathyrism]], [[Leigh syndrome]], [[lower motor neuron weakness]], [[lumbosacral plexitis]], [[Machado-Joseph Azorean disease]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[meralgia paresthetica]], [[migraine]], [[mitochondrial ataxia]], [[motor neuron syndrome]], [[multifocal motor neuropathy]], [[multiple lentigines syndrome]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[multiple sensory defect dizziness]], [[multiple system atrophy syndromes]], [[myasthenia gravis]], [[myelopathy]], [[NARP syndrome]], [[neurofibromatosis]], [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]], [[nothnagel claude syndrome]], [[obturator neuropathy]], [[olivopontocerebellar atrophy]], [[orthostatic myoclonus]], [[pantothenate kinase]], [[paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]], [[paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]], [[Parkinson disease]], [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], [[polyrediculitis]], [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]], [[posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome ]], [[raised intracranial pressure]], [[Sandhoff disease]], [[sciatic neuropathy]], [[spinal cord tumors]], [[spinal epidural hematoma]], [[spinocerebellar ataxias]], [[stroke]], [[subacute combined degeneration]], [[subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]], [[subacute sensory neuronopathy]], [[superior orbital fissure syndrome]], [[syringobulbia]], [[syringomyelia]], [[transient ischaemic attack]], [[transverse myelitis]], [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]], [[upper motor neuron weakness]], [[urination]], [[Van der Knaap disease]], [[vasculitic neuropathy]], [[vasovagal attacks]], [[vestibular disorder]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute intermittent porphyria]], [[alpha-mannosidase deficiency]], [[alpha-methylacyl-coa racemase deficiency]], [[argininosuccinic aciduria]], [[arylsulphatase a deficiency]], [[aspartoacylase deficiency]], [[beri-beri]], [[carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]], [[carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a]], [[Chester porphyria]], [[citrullinemia]], [[cytosine arabinoside]], [[d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[erythropoietic protoporphyria]], [[GM2 gangliosidosis]], [[Hartnup disease]], [[homocitrullinuria syndrome]], [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[hyponatremia]], [[isovaleric acidemia]], [[L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]], [[Maple syrup urine disease]], [[metabolic acidosis]], [[multiple carboxylase deficiency]], [[nutritional amblyopia]], [[ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]], [[phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency]], [[porphyria]], [[pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]], [[pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Strachan syndrome]], [[uremia]], [[Wilson disease]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Childbirth]], [[menopause]], [[pregnancy]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]], [[cerebellar tumors]], [[chondroma]], [[Ewing's sarcoma]], [[Hodgkin' lymphoma]], [[lung carcinoma]], [[neuroblastoma]], [[neurofibromatosis type 1]], [[non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[osteochondroma]], [[osteoma]], [[osteosarcoma]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome]], [[rhadomyosarcoma]], [[solitary plasmacytoma]], [[spinal cord tumors]],
| |
| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ophthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cataract]], [[central serous chorioretinopathy]], [[congenital cataract]], [[cortical visual impairment]], [[endophthalmitis]], [[Gillespie syndrome]], [[Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome]], [[hyphema]], [[Miller-Fisher syndrome]], [[ocular ischemic syndrome]], [[ophthalmia neonatorum]], [[orbital mass]], [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]], [[Purtscher's retinopathy]], [[retinal degeneration]], [[retrolental fibroplasia]], [[visual impairment]], [[vitreous haemorrhage]]
| |
| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol toxicity]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asthma exacerbation]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation]], [[diffuse pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pleural effusion]], [[pneumonia]], [[pneumothorax]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Renal failure]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]], [[benign monoclonal gammopathy]], [[connective tissue disease]], [[dermatomyosistis]], [[fibromyalgia]], [[gout]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[lymphomatoid granulomatosis]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[mixed connective tissue disease]], [[monoclonal gammopathy]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[pseudogout]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[scleroderma]], [[seronegtive arthropathy]], [[Sjögren's syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cerebellar hemorrhage]], [[head injury]], [[leg fractures]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[cryoglobulinemia]], [[dysproteinemia]], [[emotions]], [[genaralized weakness]], [[hyperventilation]], [[metachromatic leukodystrophy]], [[multiple hamartoma syndrome]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[old age]], [[pain]], [[paraproteinemia]], [[Salla disease]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shy-Drager syndrome]], [[sialidosis]], [[Tay-Sachs disease]]
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| |-
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| |}
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|
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | | ==[[Disequilibrium historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| {{col-begin|width=85%}}
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[3-methylglutaconic aciduria ]]
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| *[[Leukoencephalopathy|4H syndrome]]
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| *[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
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| *[[Acoustic neuroma]]
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| *[[Acromegaly]]
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| *[[Acrylamide]]
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| *[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
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| *[[Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]]
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| *[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
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| *[[Acute necrotizing myelopathy]]
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| *[[Acute viral myelitis ]]
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| *[[Adrenoleukodystrophy]]
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| *[[Adrenomyeloneuropathy]]
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| *[[AIDS]]
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| *[[Alcohol dependence]]
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| *[[Alcohol toxicity]]
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| *[[Alcoholic polyneuropathy]]
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| *[[Alpha-mannosidase deficiency]]
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| *[[AMACR|Alpha-methylacyl-coa racemase deficiency]]
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| *[[Altitude sickness]]
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| *[[Aminophylline]]
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| *[[Amiodarone]]
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| *[[Amphotericin B]]
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| *[[Amyloidosis]]
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| *[[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ]]
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| *[[Andermann syndrome]]
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| *[[Anemia]]
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| *[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
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| *[[Anti hypertensives]]
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| *[[Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad)-associated cerebellar ataxia]]
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| *[[Antibiotics]]
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| *[[Anticholinergics]]
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| *[[Anticonvulsants]]
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| *[[Antidepressants]]
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| *[[Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]]
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| *[[Anxiety]]
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| *[[Argininosuccinic aciduria ]]
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| *[[Arnold-chiari malformation]]
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| *[[Arrhythmia]]
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| *[[Arsenic]]
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| *[[Arteriosclerosis]]
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| *[[Metachromatic leukodystrophy|Arylsulphatase A deficiency]]
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| *[[Aspartoacylase deficiency ]]
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| *[[Aspirin]]
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| *[[Asthma exacerbation]]
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| *[[Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia ]]
| |
| *[[Ataxia-telangiectasia]]
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| *[[Cutis laxa|ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa]]
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| *[[Aurothioglucose]]
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| *[[Basilar migraine]]
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| *[[Benign monoclonal gammopathy]]
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| *[[Benign paroxysmal vertigo]]
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| *[[Beri-beri]]
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| *[[Biguanide ]]
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| *[[Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria]]
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| *[[Biotinidase deficiency]]
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| *[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
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| *[[Bortezomib]]
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| *[[Botulism]]
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| *[[Brainstem encephalitis]]
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| *[[Briquet's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Brucellosis]]
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| *[[Capecitabine]]
| |
| *[[Carbachol ]]
| |
| *[[Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a]]
| |
| *[[Carbon tetrachloride]]
| |
| *[[Cardiomyopathy]]
| |
| *[[Carotid-cavernous fistula ]]
| |
| *[[Carpal tunnel syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Cataract]]
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| *[[CCFDN syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Celecoxib ]]
| |
| *[[Celiac disease]]
| |
| *[[Central serous chorioretinopathy ]]
| |
| *[[Cerebellar abscess]]
| |
| *[[Cerebellar aplasia, dysplasia, or hypoplasia ]]
| |
| *[[Cerebellar ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Cerebellar degeneration]]
| |
| *[[Cerebellar dyssynergia]]
| |
| *[[Cerebellar hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Cerebellar tumors]]
| |
| *[[Cerebellar vermis agenesis]]
| |
| *[[Cerebral palsy]]
| |
| *[[Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis]]
| |
| *[[Cerebrovascular disease]]
| |
| *[[Ceroid lipofuscinosis ]]
| |
| *[[Cervical spondylosis]]
| |
| *[[Charcot-marie-tooth disease]]
| |
| *[[SACS (gene)|Charlevoix-saguenay spastic ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Chester porphyria]]
| |
| *[[Chickenpox]]
| |
| *[[Childbirth]]
| |
| *[[Chlorpheniramine]]
| |
| *[[Chondroma]]
| |
| *[[Christianson syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Chronic liver disease]]
| |
| *[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation]]
| |
| *[[Cinnarizine ]]
| |
| *[[Cisplatin]]
| |
| *[[Citrullinemia ]]
| |
| *[[Claude syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Clomifene ]]
| |
| *[[Coach syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Cockayne syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Coenzyme Q10 deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Colchicine]]
| |
| *[[Cold exposure]]
| |
| *[[Compartment syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Confusional state]]
| |
| *[[Congenital cataract]]
| |
| *[[Congestive cardiac failure]]
| |
| *[[Connective tissue disease]]
| |
| *[[Copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Cortical visual impairment]]
| |
| *[[Coxsackie disease]]
| |
| *[[Creutzfeldt jakob disease]]
| |
| *[[Cryoglobulinemia]]
| |
| *[[Cysticercosis]]
| |
| *[[Cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]]
| |
| *[[Cytosine arabinoside]]
| |
| *[[D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Dandy-walker syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Dapsone]]
| |
| *[[Deafferentation]]
| |
| *[[Decompression sickness myelopathy]]
| |
| *[[Dehydration]]
| |
| *[[Déjerine-sottas neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Dementia]]
| |
| *[[Demyelination]]
| |
| *[[Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy]]
| |
| *[[Depression]]
| |
| *[[Dermatomyosistis]]
| |
| *[[Diabetes mellitus]]
| |
| *[[Diabetic amyotrophy]]
| |
| *[[Diabetic ketoacidosis ]]
| |
| *[[Diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic radiculopathy]]
| |
| *[[Didmoad syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis]]
| |
| *[[Diffuse sclerosis of schilder ]]
| |
| *[[Diphenhydramine ]]
| |
| *[[Diphtheria]]
| |
| *[[Distal hereditary neuronopathy ]]
| |
| *[[Disulfiram]]
| |
| *[[Diuretics]]
| |
| *[[Dothiepin ]]
| |
| *[[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
| |
| *[[Dural arteriovenous fistula]]
| |
| *[[Dysproteinemia]]
| |
| *[[Dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica ]]
| |
| *[[Electrical injury]]
| |
| *[[Emotions]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Encephalocele]]
| |
| *[[Encephalomyelitis]]
| |
| *[[Endophthalmitis ]]
| |
| *[[Epidural abscess]]
| |
| *[[Epilepsy]]
| |
| *[[Episodic ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Epstein-barr virus ]]
| |
| *[[Erythropoietic protoporphyria]]
| |
| *[[Ethambutol ]]
| |
| *[[Ethotoin]]
| |
| *[[Ewing's sarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Fabry's disease]]
| |
| *[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Familial danish dementia]]
| |
| *[[Familial hemiplegic migraine]]
| |
| *[[Femoral neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]]
| |
| *[[Fibromyalgia]]
| |
| *[[Fluorouracil]]
| |
| *[[Friedrich's ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Gamma-diketone hexacarbons]]
| |
| *[[Gamstorp-wohlfart syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Genaralized weakness]]
| |
| *[[Gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Giant axonal neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Gillespie syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Gm2 gangliosidosis]]
| |
| *[[Gout]]
| |
| *[[Griscelli syndrome type 2]]
| |
| *[[Guillain-barré syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Haemochromatosis]]
| |
| *[[Hartnup disease ]]
| |
| *[[Haw river syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Head injury]]
| |
| *[[Heat stroke]]
| |
| *[[Heavy metals]]
| |
| *[[Hepatic cirrhosis]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary liability to pressure palsy]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy ]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary spastic paraplegias]]
| |
| *[[Herniated vertebral disc]]
| |
| *[[Herpes simplex]]
| |
| *[[Herpes zoster]]
| |
| *[[HIV]]
| |
| *[[Hodgkin' lymphoma ]]
| |
| *[[Homocitrullinuria syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Hoyeraal-hreidarsson syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Huntington disease]]
| |
| *[[Hydralazine]]
| |
| *[[Hydroxyzine ]]
| |
| *[[Hypertension]]
| |
| *[[Hyperthyroidism]]
| |
| *[[Hyperventilation syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Hyperventilation]]
| |
| *[[Hyphema ]]
| |
| *[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia ]]
| |
| *[[Hypocalcemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypochondriasis]]
| |
| *[[Hypoglycemia]]
| |
| *[[Hypomyelination ]]
| |
| *[[Hyponatremia]]
| |
| *[[Hypoparathyroidism]]
| |
| *[[Hypotension]]
| |
| *[[Hypothyroidism ]]
| |
| *[[Hypoxia]]
| |
| *[[Hysteria]]
| |
| *[[Idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Hearing impairment|Impaired hearing]]
| |
| *[[Infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Infectious cerebellitis]]
| |
| *[[Fistula|Intestinal fistula]]
| |
| *[[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]]
| |
| *[[Intramedullary spinal arteriovenous malformations]]
| |
| *[[Isoniazid]]
| |
| *[[Isovaleric acidemia]]
| |
| *[[Ixabepilone]]
| |
| *[[Joubert syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Kearns-sayre syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Klumpke paralysis]]
| |
| *[[Konzo]]
| |
| *[[L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Lamivudine]]
| |
| *[[Lathyrism]]
| |
| *[[Lead]]
| |
| *[[Leflunomide]]
| |
| *[[Leg fractures]]
| |
| *[[Leigh syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Leprosy]]
| |
| *[[Lesch-nyhan syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Leukemia]]
| |
| *[[Linezolid]]
| |
| *[[Lithium ]]
| |
| *[[Loken senior syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Lower motor neuron weakness]]
| |
| *[[Lumbosacral plexitis]]
| |
| *[[Lung carcinoma]]
| |
| *[[Lyme disease]]
| |
| *[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]
| |
| *[[Machado-joseph azorean disease]]
| |
| *[[Major depression]]
| |
| *[[Malaria]]
| |
| *[[Malingering]]
| |
| *[[Maple syrup urine disease]]
| |
| *[[Marinesco-sjogren syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Mefloquine ]]
| |
| *[[Melarsoprol]]
| |
| *[[MELAS]]
| |
| *[[Meningoencephalitis]]
| |
| *[[Menopause]]
| |
| *[[Meralgia paresthetica]]
| |
| *[[Mercury]]
| |
| *[[MERRF]]
| |
| *[[Metabolic acidosis]]
| |
| *[[Metachromatic leukodystrophy ]]
| |
| *[[Methanol ]]
| |
| *[[Metronidazole]]
| |
| *[[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
| |
| *[[Migraine ]]
| |
| *[[Miller-fisher syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Mitochondrial ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
| |
| *[[Monoclonal gammopathy]]
| |
| *[[Motor neuron syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Multifocal motor neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Multiple carboxylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Multiple hamartoma syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Multiple lentigines syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Multiple myeloma]]
| |
| *[[Multiple sclerosis ]]
| |
| *[[Multiple sensory defect dizziness]]
| |
| *[[Multiple system atrophy syndromes]]
| |
| *[[Muscle weakness ]]
| |
| *[[Myasthenia gravis]]
| |
| *[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
| |
| *[[Myelopathy]]
| |
| *[[Myocardial infarction]]
| |
| *[[Nalidixic acid ]]
| |
| *[[NARP syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Navajo neurohepatopathy]]
| |
| *[[Neuroblastoma]]
| |
| *[[Neurofibromatosis type 1]]
| |
| *[[Neuroleptics]]
| |
| *[[Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]]
| |
| *[[Niemann-pick disease]]
| |
| *[[Nitrofurantoin]]
| |
| *[[Non-hodgkin's lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Nortriptyline ]]
| |
| *[[Nothnagel claude syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Nucleoside analogues ]]
| |
| *[[Nutritional amblyopia ]]
| |
| *[[Obturator neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Ocular ischemic syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Old age]]
| |
| *[[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy ]]
| |
| *[[Ophthalmia neonatorum ]]
| |
| *[[Orbital mass ]]
| |
| *[[Organophosphates]]
| |
| *[[Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Orthostatic myoclonus]]
| |
| *[[Osteoarthritis]]
| |
| *[[Osteochondroma]]
| |
| *[[Osteoma]]
| |
| *[[Osteomyelitis]]
| |
| *[[Ostesarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Oxaliplatin]]
| |
| *[[Paclitaxel]]
| |
| *[[Pagets disease]]
| |
| *[[Pain]]
| |
| *[[Pantothenate kinase ]]
| |
| *[[Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]]
| |
| *[[Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Paraneoplastic syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Paraproteinemia]]
| |
| *[[Parkinson disease]]
| |
| *[[Pelizaeus-merzbacher disease]]
| |
| *[[Peripheral neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Pernicious anemia]]
| |
| *[[Peroneal compression at the fibular neck]]
| |
| *[[Perthes disease]]
| |
| *[[Phaeochromocytoma]]
| |
| *[[Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Phenylbutazone ]]
| |
| *[[Phenytoin]]
| |
| *[[Physostigmine ]]
| |
| *[[Pitt-hopkins syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Pleural effusion]]
| |
| *[[Pneumonia]]
| |
| *[[Pneumothorax]]
| |
| *[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
| |
| *[[Polycythemia vera]]
| |
| *[[Polymyositis]]
| |
| *[[Polyrediculitis]]
| |
| *[[Porphyria]]
| |
| *[[Posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Postural hypotension]]
| |
| *[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| *[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
| |
| *[[Prochlorperazine ]]
| |
| *[[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia]]
| |
| *[[Pseudogout]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary edema]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| |
| *[[Purtscher's retinopathy quinidine ]]
| |
| *[[Pyloric stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Pyridoxine]]
| |
| *[[Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Radiotherapy]]
| |
| *[[Raised intracranial pressure]]
| |
| *[[Refsum disease ]]
| |
| *[[Reiter's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Renal failure]]
| |
| *[[Retinal degeneration]]
| |
| *[[Retrolental fibroplasia ]]
| |
| *[[Revesz syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Rhadomyosarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Rofecoxib ]]
| |
| *[[Roussy-levy disease]]
| |
| *[[Salicylate poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Salla disease]]
| |
| *[[Sandhoff disease ]]
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| *[[Schistosoma]]
| |
| *[[Schizophrenia]]
| |
| *[[Sciatic neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Scleroderma]]
| |
| *[[Sedatives ]]
| |
| *[[Septic arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Septicemia]]
| |
| *[[Seronegtive arthropathy]]
| |
| *[[SeSAME syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Shy-drager syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sialidosis ]]
| |
| *[[Sideroblastic anemia ]]
| |
| *[[Silver syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Slipped upper femoral epiphysis]]
| |
| *[[Solitary plasmacytoma]]
| |
| *[[Spinal cord tumors]]
| |
| *[[Spinal epidural hematoma]]
| |
| *[[Spinocerebellar ataxias]]
| |
| *[[Stavudine]]
| |
| *[[Strachan syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Stroke ]]
| |
| *[[Subacute combined degeneration]]
| |
| *[[Subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]]
| |
| *[[Subacute sensory neuronopathy]]
| |
| *[[Superior orbital fissure syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Suramin]]
| |
| *[[Syphilis]]
| |
| *[[Syringobulbia]]
| |
| *[[Syringomyelia]]
| |
| *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
| |
| *[[Tarsal tunnel syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Taxol]]
| |
| *[[Tay-sachs disease ]]
| |
| *[[Thallium]]
| |
| *[[Thiamine deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Tick paralysis ]]
| |
| *[[Toluene]]
| |
| *[[Tropical sprue]]
| |
| *[[Trabectedin]]
| |
| *[[Tranquilizers]]
| |
| *[[Transient ischemic attack]]
| |
| *[[Transient synovitis]]
| |
| *[[Transverse myelitis ]]
| |
| *[[Treponema pallidum]]
| |
| *[[Troyer syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Tuberculosis]]
| |
| *[[Typhoid fever]]
| |
| *[[Unverricht-lundborg disease]]
| |
| *[[Upper motor neuron weakness]]
| |
| *[[Uremia]]
| |
| *[[Urination]]
| |
| *[[Vaccines]]
| |
| *[[Van der knaap disease]]
| |
| *[[Vasculitis]]
| |
| *[[Vasovagal attacks]]
| |
| *[[Vertebral artery dissection]]
| |
| *[[Verteporfin ]]
| |
| *[[Vestibular disorder]]
| |
| *[[Vigabatrin]]
| |
| *[[Vincristine]]
| |
| *[[Viral hepatitis]]
| |
| *[[Visual impairment]]
| |
| *[[Vitamin B1 deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Vitreous haemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Wilson disease ]]
| |
| *[[X-linked ataxia, ichthyosis, and tapetoretinal dystrophy]]
| |
| *[[X-linked ataxia]]
| |
| *[[Xeroderma pigmentosum ]]
| |
| *[[Zalcitabine ]]
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
|
| |
|
| == References == | | ==[[Disequilibrium classification|Classification]]== |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | | ==[[Disequilibrium pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| [[Category:Otolaryngology]]
| |
| [[Category:Neurology]]
| |
| [[Category:Musculoskeletal disorders]]
| |
| [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
| |
|
| |
|
| {{WH}}
| | ==[[Disequilibrium causes|Causes]]== |
| {{WS}}
| | |
| | ==[[Disequilibrium differential diagnosis|Differentiating Disequilibrium from other Diseases]]== |
| | |
| | ==[[Disequilibrium epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| | |
| | ==[[Disequilibrium risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| | |
| | ==[[Disequilibrium natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| | |
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | |
| | [[Disequilibrium history and symptoms|History and Symptoms ]] | [[ Disequilibrium physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Disequilibrium laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Disequilibrium CT|CT]] | [[Disequilibrium other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Disequilibrium other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| | |
| | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Disequilibrium medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Disequilibrium surgery|Surgery]] | [[Disequilibrium primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Disequilibrium secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Disequilibrium cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Disequilibrium future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| | |
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Disequilibrium case study one|Case #1]] |