Disequilibrium: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 19:20, 30 July 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Loss of balance; imbalance; off balance; unsteadiness

Overview

Disequilibrium refers to an impaired sense or absence of balance or equilibrioception, which primarily occurs during standing or walking usually without any cephalic sensations like headache, nausea and vomiting. It is one among the causes of dizziness^[1] and is often accompanied by spatial disorientation.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiac failure, dehydration, hypertension, hypotension, microscopic polyangiitis, past myocardial infarction, postural hypotension, rapidly assuming an upright position, transient ischaemic attack, vasculitic neuropathy, vertebrobasilar dissection
Chemical/Poisoning	Acrylamide, arsenic, gamma-diketone hexacarbons, heavy metals, inhalation of irritants, konzo, lead, mercury, methanol, organophosphates, salicylate poisoning, toxic neuropathy
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Aminophylline, amiodarone, amphotericin B, antihypertensives, antibiotics, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, aspirin, aurothioglucose, biguanide, bortezomib, capecitabine, carbachol, carbon tetrachloride, celecoxib, chlorpheniramine, cinnarizine, cisplatin, clomifene, colchicine, dapsone, diphenhydramine, disulfiram, diuretics, ethambutol, ethotoin, fluorouracil, hydralazine, hydroxyzine, isoniazid, ixabepilone, lamivudine, leflunomide, linezolid, lithium, mefloquine, melarsoprol, metronidazole, nalidixic acid , neuroleptics, nitrofurantoin, nortriptyline, nucleoside analogues, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, physostigmine, postvaccinal, prochlorperazine, pyridoxine, rofecoxib, sedatives, stavudine, suramin, taxol, thallium, toluene, trabectedin, tranquilizers, verteporfin, vigabatrin, vincristine
Ear Nose Throat	Impaired hearing
Endocrine	Acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, diabetic amyotrophy, diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic radiculopathy, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, phaeochromocytoma
Environmental	Altitude sickness, cold exposure, electrical injury, heat stroke, lathyrism
Gastroenterologic	Celiac disease, chronic liver disease, hepatic cirrhosis, hepatic myelopathy , intestinal fistula, primary biliary cirrhosis, pyloric stenosis, topical sprue, viral hepatitis
Genetic	3-methylglutaconic aciduria, 4H syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenomyeloneuropathy, alpha-mannosidase deficiency, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency, Andermann syndrome, argininosuccinic aciduria, arylsulphatase a deficiency, aspartoacylase deficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia, ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa, bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, biotinidase deficiency, carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a, CCFDN syndrome, Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia, Christianson syndrome, Coach syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, coenzyme Q10 deficiency, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, Fabry's disease, familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Friedrich's ataxia, Gamstorp-Wohlfart syndrome, glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, GM2 gangliosidosis, Griscelli syndrome type 2, Haw river syndrome, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, Huntington disease, hypobetalipoproteinemia, Joubert syndrome, Loken senior syndrome, Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, MELAS, MERRF, multiple carboxylase deficiency, Navajo neurohepatopathy, phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Refsum disease, Revesz syndrome, Roussy-Levy disease, Sandhoff disease , SeSAME syndrome, Silver syndrome, Troyer syndrome, Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Van der Knaap disease, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
Hematologic	Anemia, glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, haemochromatosis, leukemia, multiple myeloma, pernicious anemia, polycythemia vera, sideroblastic anemia , solitary plasmacytoma
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, acute necrotizing myelopathy, acute viral myelitis, borrelia burgdorferi, botulism, brainstem encephalitis, brucellosis, cerebellar abscess, chickenpox, coxsackie disease, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy, diphtheria, encephalomyelitis, endophthalmitis, epidural abscess, epstein-barr virus, Guillain-Barré syndrome, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, HIV, infectious cerebellitis, leprosy, lyme disease, malaria, meningoencephalitis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, ophthalmia neonatorum, osteomyelitis, polymyositis, schistosoma, septic arthritis, septicemia, syphilis, tick paralysis, transient synovitis, treponema pallidum, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Carpal tunnel syndrome, Charcot-Marie-tooth disease, chondroma, compartment syndrome, connective tissue disease, dermatomyosistis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ewing's sarcoma, femoral neuropathy, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, herniated vertebral disc, leg fractures, muscle weakness, osteoarthritis, osteochondroma, osteoma, osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, Pagets disease, peroneal compression at the fibular neck, Perthes disease, septic arthritis, slipped upper femoral epiphysis, tarsal tunnel syndrome , transient synovitis
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ "Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient". Retrieved 2009-08-06.

Template:WH Template:WS

[urlChapter_14:_Evaluation_of_the_Dizzy_Patient-1] "Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient". Retrieved 2009-08-06.

[1]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 {{SK}} Loss of balance; imbalance; off balance; unsteadiness
 ==Overview==
-'''Disequilibrium''' refers to an impaired sense or absence of balance or [[equilibrioception]] which occurs primarily during walking and often accompanied by spatial disorientation. It is one among the causes of [[dizziness]].<ref name="urlChapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient">{{cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_2/chapter_14.html#chpt_14_presyncope |title=Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref>
+'''Disequilibrium''' refers to an impaired sense or absence of balance or [[equilibrioception]], which primarily occurs during standing or walking usually without any cephalic sensations like headache, nausea and vomiting.  It is one among the causes of [[dizziness]]<ref name="urlChapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient">{{cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_2/chapter_14.html#chpt_14_presyncope |title=Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref> and is often accompanied by spatial disorientation.
 ==Causes==
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]],  [[arrhythmia]],  [[arteriosclerosis]],  [[cardiomyopathy]],  [[congestive cardiac failure]],  [[dehydration]],  [[hypertension]],  [[hypotension]],  [[microscopic polyangiitis]],  [[past myocardial infarction]],  [[postural hypotension]],  [[rapidly assuming an upright position]],  [[transient ischaemic attack]],  [[vasculitic neuropathy]],  [[vertebrobasilar dissection]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrylamide]],  [[arsenic]],  [[gamma-diketone hexacarbons]],  [[heavy metals]],  [[inhalation of irritants]],  [[konzo]],  [[lead]],  [[mercury]],  [[methanol]],  [[organophosphates]],  [[salicylate poisoning]],  [[toxic neuropathy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aminophylline]],  [[amiodarone]],  [[amphotericin B]],  [[antihypertensives]],  [[antibiotics]],  [[anticholinergics]],  [[anticonvulsants]],  [[antidepressants]],  [[aspirin]],  [[aurothioglucose]],  [[biguanide]],  [[bortezomib]],  [[capecitabine]],  [[carbachol]],  [[carbon tetrachloride]],  [[celecoxib]],  [[chlorpheniramine]],  [[cinnarizine]],  [[cisplatin]],  [[clomifene]],  [[colchicine]],  [[dapsone]],  [[diphenhydramine]],  [[disulfiram]],  [[diuretics]],  [[ethambutol]],  [[ethotoin]],  [[fluorouracil]],  [[hydralazine]],  [[hydroxyzine]],  [[isoniazid]],  [[ixabepilone]],  [[lamivudine]],  [[leflunomide]],  [[linezolid]],  [[lithium]],  [[mefloquine]],  [[melarsoprol]],  [[metronidazole]],  [[nalidixic acid ]],  [[neuroleptics]],  [[nitrofurantoin]],  [[nortriptyline]],  [[nucleoside analogues]],  [[oxaliplatin]],  [[paclitaxel]],  [[phenylbutazone]],  [[phenytoin]],  [[physostigmine]],  [[postvaccinal]],  [[prochlorperazine]],  [[pyridoxine]],  [[rofecoxib]],  [[sedatives]],  [[stavudine]],  [[suramin]],  [[taxol]],  [[thallium]],  [[toluene]],  [[trabectedin]],  [[tranquilizers]],  [[verteporfin]],  [[vigabatrin]],  [[vincristine]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Impaired hearing]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]],  [[diabetes mellitus]],  [[diabetic amyotrophy]],  [[diabetic ketoacidosis]],  [[diabetic radiculopathy]],  [[hyperthyroidism]],  [[hypoparathyroidism]],  [[hypothyroidism]],  [[phaeochromocytoma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Altitude sickness]],  [[cold exposure]],  [[electrical injury]],  [[heat stroke]],  [[lathyrism]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac disease]],  [[chronic liver disease]],  [[hepatic cirrhosis]],  [[hepatic myelopathy ]],  [[intestinal fistula]],  [[primary biliary cirrhosis]],  [[pyloric stenosis]],  [[topical sprue]],  [[viral hepatitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]],  [[4H syndrome]],  [[abetalipoproteinemia]],  [[adrenoleukodystrophy]],  [[adrenomyeloneuropathy]],  [[alpha-mannosidase deficiency]],  [[alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency]],  [[Andermann syndrome]],  [[argininosuccinic aciduria]],  [[arylsulphatase a deficiency]],  [[aspartoacylase deficiency]],  [[ataxia-telangiectasia]],  [[ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa]],  [[bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria]],  [[biotinidase deficiency]],  [[carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]],  [[carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a]],  [[CCFDN syndrome]],  [[Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia]],  [[Christianson syndrome]],  [[Coach syndrome]],  [[Cockayne syndrome]],  [[coenzyme Q10 deficiency]],  [[dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy]],  [[Fabry's disease]],  [[familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]],  [[Friedrich's ataxia]],  [[Gamstorp-Wohlfart syndrome]],  [[glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]],  [[GM2 gangliosidosis]],  [[Griscelli syndrome type 2]],  [[Haw river syndrome]],  [[hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]],  [[Huntington disease]],  [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]],  [[Joubert syndrome]],  [[Loken senior syndrome]],  [[Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]],  [[MELAS]],  [[MERRF]],  [[multiple carboxylase deficiency]],  [[Navajo neurohepatopathy]],  [[phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency]],  [[Pitt-Hopkins syndrome]],  [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]],  [[Refsum disease]],  [[Revesz syndrome]],  [[Roussy-Levy disease]],  [[Sandhoff disease ]],  [[SeSAME syndrome]],  [[Silver syndrome]],  [[Troyer syndrome]],  [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]],  [[Van der Knaap disease]],  [[Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]],  [[glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]],  [[haemochromatosis]],  [[leukemia]],  [[multiple myeloma]],  [[pernicious anemia]],  [[polycythemia vera]],  [[sideroblastic anemia ]],  [[solitary plasmacytoma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]],  [[acute necrotizing myelopathy]],  [[acute viral myelitis]],   [[borrelia burgdorferi]],  [[botulism]],  [[brainstem encephalitis]],  [[brucellosis]],  [[cerebellar abscess]],  [[chickenpox]],  [[coxsackie disease]],  [[cysticercosis]],  [[cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]],  [[diphtheria]],  [[encephalomyelitis]],  [[endophthalmitis]],  [[epidural abscess]],  [[epstein-barr virus]],  [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]],  [[herpes simplex]],  [[herpes zoster]],  [[HIV]],  [[infectious cerebellitis]],  [[leprosy]],  [[lyme disease]],  [[malaria]],  [[meningoencephalitis]],  [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]],  [[ophthalmia neonatorum]],  [[osteomyelitis]],  [[polymyositis]],  [[schistosoma]],  [[septic arthritis]],  [[septicemia]],  [[syphilis]],  [[tick paralysis]],  [[transient synovitis]],  [[treponema pallidum]],  [[tuberculosis]],  [[typhoid fever]],  [[viral hepatitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carpal tunnel syndrome]],  [[Charcot-Marie-tooth disease]],  [[chondroma]],  [[compartment syndrome]],  [[connective tissue disease]],  [[dermatomyosistis]],  [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]],  [[Ewing's sarcoma]],  [[femoral neuropathy]],  [[hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]],  [[herniated vertebral disc]],  [[leg fractures]],  [[muscle weakness]],  [[osteoarthritis]],  [[osteochondroma]],  [[osteoma]],  [[osteomyelitis]],  [[osteosarcoma]],  [[Pagets disease]],  [[peroneal compression at the fibular neck]],  [[Perthes disease]],  [[septic arthritis]],  [[slipped upper femoral epiphysis]],  [[tarsal tunnel syndrome ]],  [[transient synovitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 {{col-begin|width=85%}}
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Disease]] A
+*[[3-methylglutaconic aciduria ]]
-*[[Disease]] B
+*[[4H syndrome]]
-*[[Disease]] C
+*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
-*[[Disease]] ...
+*[[Acoustic neuroma]]
+*[[Acromegaly]]
+*[[Acrylamide]]
+*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
+*[[Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]]
+*[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
+*[[Acute necrotizing myelopathy]]
+*[[Acute viral myelitis ]]
+*[[Adrenoleukodystrophy]]
+*[[Adrenomyeloneuropathy]]
+*[[AIDS]]
+*[[Alcohol dependence]]
+*[[Alcohol toxicity]]
+*[[Alcoholic polyneuropathy]]
+*[[Alpha-mannosidase deficiency]]
+*[[Alpha-methylacyl-coa racemase deficiency]]
+*[[Altitude sickness]]
+*[[Aminophylline]]
+*[[Amiodarone]]
+*[[Amphotericin B]]
+*[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ]]
+*[[Andermann syndrome]]
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
+*[[Anti hypertensives]]
+*[[Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad)-associated cerebellar ataxia]]
+*[[Antibiotics]]
+*[[Anticholinergics]]
+*[[Anticonvulsants]]
+*[[Antidepressants]]
+*[[Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome ]]
+*[[Anxiety]]
+*[[Argininosuccinic aciduria ]]
+*[[Arnold-chiari malformation]]
+*[[Arrhythmia]]
+*[[Arsenic]]
+*[[Arteriosclerosis]]
+*[[Arylsulphatase a deficiency]]
+*[[Aspartoacylase deficiency ]]
+*[[Aspirin]]
+*[[Asthma exacerbation]]
+*[[Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia ]]
+*[[Ataxia-telangiectasia]]
+*[[Atp6v0a2-related cutis laxa]]
+*[[Aurothioglucose]]
+*[[Basilar migraine]]
+*[[Benign monoclonal gammopathy]]
+*[[Benign paroxysmal vertigo]]
+*[[Beri-beri]]
+*[[Biguanide ]]
+*[[Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria]]
+*[[Biotinidase deficiency]]
+*[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
+*[[Bortezomib]]
+*[[Botulism]]
+*[[Brainstem encephalitis]]
+*[[Briquet's syndrome]]
+*[[Brucellosis]]
+*[[Capecitabine]]
+*[[Carbachol ]]
+*[[Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]]
+*[[Carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a]]
+*[[Carbon tetrachloride]]
+*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Carotid-cavernous fistula ]]
+*[[Carpal tunnel syndrome]]
+*[[Cataract]]
+*[[CCFDN syndrome]]
+*[[Celecoxib ]]
+*[[Celiac disease]]
+*[[Central serous chorioretinopathy ]]
+*[[Cerebellar abscess]]
+*[[Cerebellar aplasia, dysplasia, or hypoplasia ]]
+*[[Cerebellar ataxia]]
+*[[Cerebellar degeneration]]
+*[[Cerebellar dyssynergia]]
+*[[Cerebellar hemorrhage]]
+*[[Cerebellar tumors]]
+*[[Cerebellar vermis agenesis]]
+*[[Cerebral palsy]]
+*[[Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis]]
+*[[Cerebrovascular disease]]
+*[[Ceroid lipofuscinosis ]]
+*[[Cervical spondylosis]]
+*[[Charcot-marie-tooth disease]]
+*[[Charlevoix-saguenay spastic ataxia]]
+*[[Chester porphyria]]
+*[[Chickenpox]]
+*[[Childbirth]]
+*[[Chlorpheniramine]]
+*[[Chondroma]]
+*[[Christianson syndrome]]
+*[[Chronic liver disease]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation]]
+*[[Cinnarizine ]]
+*[[Cisplatin]]
+*[[Citrullinemia ]]
+*[[Claude syndrome]]
+*[[Clomifene ]]
+*[[Coach syndrome]]
+*[[Cockayne syndrome]]
+*[[Coenzyme Q10 deficiency]]
+*[[Colchicine]]
+*[[Cold exposure]]
+*[[Compartment syndrome]]
+*[[Confusional state]]
+*[[Congenital cataract]]
+*[[Congestive cardiac failure]]
+*[[Connective tissue disease]]
+*[[Copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]]
+*[[Cortical visual impairment]]
+*[[Coxsackie disease]]
+*[[Creutzfeldt jakob disease]]
+*[[Cryoglobulinemia]]
+*[[Cysticercosis]]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]]
+*[[Cytosine arabinoside]]
+*[[D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
+*[[Dandy-walker syndrome]]
+*[[Dapsone]]
+*[[Deafferentation]]
+*[[Decompression sickness myelopathy]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
+*[[Déjerine-sottas neuropathy]]
+*[[Dementia]]
+*[[Demyelination]]
+*[[Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy]]
+*[[Depression]]
+*[[Dermatomyosistis]]
+*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
+*[[Diabetic amyotrophy]]
+*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis ]]
+*[[Diabetic radiculopathy]]
+*[[Didmoad syndrome]]
+*[[Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis]]
+*[[Diffuse sclerosis of schilder ]]
+*[[Diphenhydramine ]]
+*[[Diphtheria]]
+*[[Distal hereditary neuronopathy ]]
+*[[Disulfiram]]
+*[[Diuretics]]
+*[[Dothiepin ]]
+*[[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Dural arteriovenous fistula]]
+*[[Dysproteinemia]]
+*[[Dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica ]]
+*[[Electrical injury]]
+*[[Emotions]]
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Disease]] P
+*[[Encephalocele]]
-*[[Disease]] Q
+*[[Encephalomyelitis]]
-*[[Disease]] R
+*[[Endophthalmitis ]]
-*[[Disease]] ...
+*[[Epidural abscess]]
+*[[Epilepsy]]
+*[[Episodic ataxia]]
+*[[Epstein-barr virus ]]
+*[[Erythropoietic protoporphyria]]
+*[[Ethambutol ]]
+*[[Ethotoin]]
+*[[Ewing's sarcoma]]
+*[[Fabry's disease]]
+*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
+*[[Familial danish dementia]]
+*[[Familial hemiplegic migraine]]
+*[[Femoral neuropathy]]
+*[[Fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]]
+*[[Fibromyalgia]]
+*[[Fluorouracil]]
+*[[Friedrich's ataxia]]
+*[[Gamma-diketone hexacarbons]]
+*[[Gamstorp-wohlfart syndrome]]
+*[[Genaralized weakness]]
+*[[Gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome]]
+*[[Giant axonal neuropathy]]
+*[[Gillespie syndrome]]
+*[[Glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency]]
+*[[Gm2 gangliosidosis]]
+*[[Gout]]
+*[[Griscelli syndrome type 2]]
+*[[Guillain-barré syndrome]]
+*[[Haemochromatosis]]
+*[[Hartnup disease ]]
+*[[Haw river syndrome]]
+*[[Head injury]]
+*[[Heat stroke]]
+*[[Heavy metals]]
+*[[Hepatic cirrhosis]]
+*[[Hepatic myelopathy ]]
+*[[Hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies]]
+*[[Hereditary ataxia]]
+*[[Hereditary liability to pressure palsy]]
+*[[Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy]]
+*[[Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy ]]
+*[[Hereditary spastic paraplegias]]
+*[[Herniated vertebral disc]]
+*[[Herpes simplex]]
+*[[Herpes zoster]]
+*[[HIV]]
+*[[Hodgkin' lymphoma ]]
+*[[Homocitrullinuria syndrome ]]
+*[[Hoyeraal-hreidarsson syndrome]]
+*[[Huntington disease]]
+*[[Hydralazine]]
+*[[Hydroxyzine ]]
+*[[Hypertension]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+*[[Hyperventilation syndrome]]
+*[[Hyperventilation]]
+*[[Hyphema ]]
+*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia ]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+*[[Hypochondriasis]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Hypomyelination ]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
+*[[Hypoparathyroidism]]
+*[[Hypotension]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism ]]
+*[[Hypoxia]]
+*[[Hysteria]]
+*[[Idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]]
+*[[Idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]]
+*[[Impaired hearing]]
+*[[Infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia]]
+*[[Infectious cerebellitis]]
+*[[Inhalation of irritants]]
+*[[Intestinal fistula]]
+*[[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]]
+*[[Intramedullary spinal arteriovenous malformations]]
+*[[Isoniazid]]
+*[[Isovaleric acidemia]]
+*[[Ixabepilone]]
+*[[Joubert syndrome]]
+*[[Kearns-sayre syndrome]]
+*[[Klumpke paralysis]]
+*[[Konzo]]
+*[[L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
+*[[Lamivudine]]
+*[[Lathyrism]]
+*[[Lead]]
+*[[Leflunomide]]
+*[[Leg fractures]]
+*[[Leigh syndrome]]
+*[[Leprosy]]
+*[[Lesch-nyhan syndrome ]]
+*[[Leukemia]]
+*[[Linezolid]]
+*[[Lithium ]]
+*[[Loken senior syndrome]]
+*[[Lower motor neuron weakness]]
+*[[Lumbosacral plexitis]]
+*[[Lung carcinoma]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]
+*[[Machado-joseph azorean disease]]
+*[[Major depression]]
+*[[Malaria]]
+*[[Malingering]]
+*[[Maple syrup urine disease]]
+*[[Marinesco-sjogren syndrome ]]
+*[[Mefloquine ]]
+*[[Melarsoprol]]
+*[[MELAS]]
+*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
+*[[Menopause]]
+*[[Meralgia paresthetica]]
+*[[Mercury]]
+*[[MERRF]]
+*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+*[[Metachromatic leukodystrophy ]]
+*[[Methanol ]]
+*[[Metronidazole]]
+*[[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
+*[[Migraine ]]
+*[[Miller-fisher syndrome]]
+*[[Mitochondrial ataxia]]
+*[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
+*[[Monoclonal gammopathy]]
+*[[Motor neuron syndrome]]
+*[[Multifocal motor neuropathy]]
+*[[Multiple carboxylase deficiency]]
+*[[Multiple hamartoma syndrome]]
+*[[Multiple lentigines syndrome ]]
+*[[Multiple myeloma]]
+*[[Multiple sclerosis ]]
+*[[Multiple sensory defect dizziness]]
+*[[Multiple system atrophy syndromes]]
+*[[Muscle weakness  ]]
+*[[Myasthenia gravis]]
+*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
+*[[Myelopathy]]
+*[[Nalidixic acid ]]
+*[[NARP  syndrome]]
+*[[Navajo neurohepatopathy]]
+*[[Neuroblastoma]]
+*[[Neurofibromatosis type 1]]
+*[[Neuroleptics]]
+*[[Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]]
+*[[Niemann-pick disease]]
+*[[Nitrofurantoin]]
+*[[Non-hodgkin's lymphoma]]
+*[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Disease]] X
+*[[Nortriptyline ]]
-*[[Disease]] Y
+*[[Nothnagel claude syndrome]]
-*[[Disease]] Z
+*[[Nucleoside analogues ]]
+*[[Nutritional amblyopia ]]
+*[[Obturator neuropathy]]
+*[[Ocular ischemic syndrome ]]
+*[[Old age]]
+*[[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy ]]
+*[[Ophthalmia neonatorum ]]
+*[[Orbital mass ]]
+*[[Organophosphates]]
+*[[Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]]
+*[[Orthostatic myoclonus]]
+*[[Osteoarthritis]]
+*[[Osteochondroma]]
+*[[Osteoma]]
+*[[Osteomyelitis]]
+*[[Ostesarcoma]]
+*[[Oxaliplatin]]
+*[[Paclitaxel]]
+*[[Pagets disease]]
+*[[Pain]]
+*[[Pantothenate kinase ]]
+*[[Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]]
+*[[Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]]
+*[[Paraneoplastic syndrome]]
+*[[Paraproteinemia]]
+*[[Parkinson disease]]
+*[[Past myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Pelizaeus-merzbacher disease]]
+*[[Peripheral neuropathy]]
+*[[Pernicious anemia]]
+*[[Peroneal compression at the fibular neck]]
+*[[Perthes disease]]
+*[[Phaeochromocytoma]]
+*[[Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency]]
+*[[Phenylbutazone ]]
+*[[Phenytoin]]
+*[[Physostigmine ]]
+*[[Pitt-hopkins syndrome]]
+*[[Pleural effusion]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Pneumothorax]]
+*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
+*[[Polycythemia vera]]
+*[[Polymyositis]]
+*[[Polyrediculitis]]
+*[[Porphyria]]
+*[[Posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]]
+*[[Posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome ]]
+*[[Postural hypotension]]
+*[[Postvaccinal]]
+*[[Pregnancy]]
+*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
+*[[Prochlorperazine ]]
+*[[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia]]
+*[[Pseudogout]]
+*[[Pulmonary edema]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Purtscher's retinopathy quinidine ]]
+*[[Pyloric stenosis]]
+*[[Pyridoxine]]
+*[[Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]]
+*[[Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
+*[[Radiotherapy]]
+*[[Raised intracranial pressure]]
+*[[Rapidly assuming an upright position]]
+*[[Refsum disease ]]
+*[[Reiter's syndrome]]
+*[[Renal failure]]
+*[[Retinal degeneration]]
+*[[Retrolental fibroplasia ]]
+*[[Revesz syndrome]]
+*[[Rhadomyosarcoma]]
+*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+*[[Rofecoxib ]]
+*[[Roussy-levy disease]]
+*[[Salicylate poisoning]]
+*[[Salla disease]]
+*[[Sandhoff disease ]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Schistosoma]]
+*[[Schizophrenia]]
+*[[Sciatic neuropathy]]
+*[[Scleroderma]]
+*[[Sedatives ]]
+*[[Septic arthritis]]
+*[[Septicemia]]
+*[[Seronegtive arthropathy]]
+*[[SeSAME syndrome]]
+*[[Shy-drager syndrome]]
+*[[Sialidosis ]]
+*[[Sideroblastic anemia ]]
+*[[Silver syndrome]]
+*[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
+*[[Slipped upper femoral epiphysis]]
+*[[Solitary plasmacytoma]]
+*[[Spinal cord tumors]]
+*[[Spinal epidural hematoma]]
+*[[Spinocerebellar ataxias]]
+*[[Stavudine]]
+*[[Strachan syndrome]]
+*[[Stroke ]]
+*[[Subacute combined degeneration]]
+*[[Subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]]
+*[[Subacute sensory neuronopathy]]
+*[[Superior orbital fissure syndrome]]
+*[[Suramin]]
+*[[Syphilis]]
+*[[Syringobulbia]]
+*[[Syringomyelia]]
+*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Tarsal tunnel syndrome ]]
+*[[Taxol]]
+*[[Tay-sachs disease ]]
+*[[Thallium]]
+*[[Thiamine deficiency]]
+*[[Tick paralysis ]]
+*[[Toluene]]
+*[[Topical sprue]]
+*[[Toxic neuropathy]]
+*[[Trabectedin]]
+*[[Tranquilizers]]
+*[[Transient ischemic attack]]
+*[[Transient synovitis]]
+*[[Transverse myelitis ]]
+*[[Treponema pallidum]]
+*[[Troyer syndrome]]
+*[[Tuberculosis]]
+*[[Typhoid fever]]
+*[[Unverricht-lundborg disease]]
+*[[Upper motor neuron weakness]]
+*[[Uremia]]
+*[[Urination]]
+*[[Van der knaap disease]]
+*[[Vasculitic neuropathy]]
+*[[Vasovagal attacks]]
+*[[Vertebrobasilar dissection]]
+*[[Verteporfin ]]
+*[[Vestibular disorder]]
+*[[Vigabatrin]]
+*[[Vincristine]]
+*[[Viral hepatitis]]
+*[[Visual impairment]]
+*[[Vitamin B1 deficiency]]
+*[[Vitreous haemorrhage]]
+*[[Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]
+*[[Wilson disease ]]
+*[[X-linked ataxia, ichthyosis, and tapetoretinal dystrophy]]
+*[[X-linked ataxia]]
+*[[Xeroderma pigmentosum ]]
+*[[Zalcitabine ]]
 {{col-end}}