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==Overview==
==Overview==
==Echocardiography==
==Echocardiography==
*Left ventricular mass and/or thickness- The left ventricular mass is difficult to measure with [[3-dimensional echocardiography]] . [[2-dimensional echocardiography]] can also be used to assess the wall thickness (wall thickness is increased in both hypertrophy and remodelling).
*Left ventricular mass and/or thickness- The left ventricular mass is difficult to measure with 3-dimensional echocardiography . 2-dimensional echocardiography can also be used to assess the wall thickness (wall thickness is increased in both hypertrophy and remodelling).
*Left atrial volume- Highly reliable and best measured using 4-chamber and 2-chamber views. It is clinically relevant as this is a  reflection of the extent of left ventricular remodelling over time. An index of 34 ml/m2 is considered as an independent predictor of death, [[heart failure]], [[atrial fibrillation]], and [[ischemic stroke]]. Dilated left atrial volume is however not specific to diastolic dysfunction. Other conditions like high output states, [[bradycardia]] and 4-chamber enlargement, [[atrial flutter]] or [[atrial fibrillation]], mitral valve disease and few cases of athletes also have dilated atria. It is vital therefore to differentiate on clinical basis, other echo volumes etc.
*Left atrial volume- Highly reliable and best measured using 4-chamber and 2-chamber views. It is clinically relevant as this is a  reflection of the extent of left ventricular remodelling over time. An index of 34 ml/m2 is considered as an independent predictor of death, [[heart failure]], [[atrial fibrillation]], and [[ischemic stroke]]. Dilated left atrial volume is however not specific to diastolic dysfunction. Other conditions like high output states, [[bradycardia]] and 4-chamber enlargement, [[atrial flutter]] or [[atrial fibrillation]], mitral valve disease and few cases of athletes also have dilated atria. It is vital therefore to differentiate on clinical basis, other echo volumes etc.
*Left atrial function- The reservoir, conduit, and stroke volumes of the left atrium can be computed and expressed as percentages of LA [[stroke volume]]. The systolic function of left atrium (which contributes to filling in late diastole) is assessed using a combination of 2D and Doppler. It can be measured as follows-
*Left atrial function- The reservoir, conduit, and stroke volumes of the left atrium can be computed and expressed as percentages of LA [[stroke volume]]. The systolic function of left atrium (which contributes to filling in late diastole) is assessed using a combination of 2D and Doppler. It can be measured as follows-
: LA ejection force (0.5 X 1.06 X Mitral annular area X [Peak A velocity]<sup>2</sup>]) and,
** '''LA ejection force (0.5 X 1.06 X Mitral annular area X [Peak A velocity]<sup>2</sup>]) and,'''
: Kinetic energy (0.5 X 1.06 X LA stroke volume X [A velocity]<sup>2</sup>)
** '''Kinetic energy (0.5 X 1.06 X LA stroke volume X [A velocity]<sup>2</sup>)'''


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 13:32, 20 October 2012

Diastolic dysfunction Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Echocardiography

  • Left ventricular mass and/or thickness- The left ventricular mass is difficult to measure with 3-dimensional echocardiography . 2-dimensional echocardiography can also be used to assess the wall thickness (wall thickness is increased in both hypertrophy and remodelling).
  • Left atrial volume- Highly reliable and best measured using 4-chamber and 2-chamber views. It is clinically relevant as this is a reflection of the extent of left ventricular remodelling over time. An index of 34 ml/m2 is considered as an independent predictor of death, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and ischemic stroke. Dilated left atrial volume is however not specific to diastolic dysfunction. Other conditions like high output states, bradycardia and 4-chamber enlargement, atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation, mitral valve disease and few cases of athletes also have dilated atria. It is vital therefore to differentiate on clinical basis, other echo volumes etc.
  • Left atrial function- The reservoir, conduit, and stroke volumes of the left atrium can be computed and expressed as percentages of LA stroke volume. The systolic function of left atrium (which contributes to filling in late diastole) is assessed using a combination of 2D and Doppler. It can be measured as follows-
    • LA ejection force (0.5 X 1.06 X Mitral annular area X [Peak A velocity]2]) and,
    • Kinetic energy (0.5 X 1.06 X LA stroke volume X [A velocity]2)

References

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