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==Secondary Prevention==
==Secondary Prevention==
Once diabetic nephropathy develops, secondary prevention to halt the progression of the disease is aimed at:
Once diabetic nephropathy develops, secondary prevention to halt the progression of the disease is aimed at:
* Strict control of [[blood pressure]], blood [[glucose]] levels, as well as [[lipids]].<ref name="book">{{cite book |last= Kasper |first=Dennis |date=2015 |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |url= |location= New York, New York |publisher= McGraw-Hill |page= |isbn=0071802150}}</ref><ref name="pmid26928912">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chamberlain JJ, Rhinehart AS, Shaefer CF, Neuman A |title=Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes: Synopsis of the 2016 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=164 |issue=8 |pages=542–52 |year=2016 |pmid=26928912 |doi=10.7326/M15-3016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15586648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ayodele OE, Alebiosu CO, Salako BL |title=Diabetic nephropathy--a review of the natural history, burden, risk factors and treatment |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=96 |issue=11 |pages=1445–54 |year=2004 |pmid=15586648 |pmc=2568593 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* The benefits of tight control of blood glucose levels are uncertain per a [[systematic review]] by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]]<ref name="pmid28594069">{{cite journal| author=Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, De Cosmo S, Pacilli A, Lamacchia O | display-authors=etal| title=Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2017 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= CD010137 | pmid=28594069 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010137.pub2 | pmc=6481869 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28594069  }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=29049766 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2017 Oct 17;167(8):JC47]  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=29097446 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2017 Dec;22(6):219-220] </ref>.
* Blood-glucose levels should be closely monitored and controlled. This may slow the progression of the disorder, especially in the very early ("microalbuminuria") stages.
* Strict control of [[blood pressure]], as well as [[lipids]].<ref name="pmid26928912">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chamberlain JJ, Rhinehart AS, Shaefer CF, Neuman A |title=Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes: Synopsis of the 2016 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=164 |issue=8 |pages=542–52 |year=2016 |pmid=26928912 |doi=10.7326/M15-3016 |url=}}</ref>
* Medications to manage diabetes include oral hypoglycemic agents and [[insulin]] injections.
* As [[kidney]] failure progresses, less insulin is excreted, so smaller doses may be needed to control glucose levels.
* The [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] may be modified to help control blood-sugar levels.
* Modification of protein intake can effect hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic injury.
* High blood pressure should be aggressively treated with anti-hypertensive medications,
* In order to reduce the risks of kidney, eye and blood vessel damage in the body. It is also very important to control lipid levels, maintain a healthy weight, and engage in regular physical activity.
* In order to reduce the risks of kidney, eye and blood vessel damage in the body. It is also very important to control lipid levels, maintain a healthy weight, and engage in regular physical activity.



Revision as of 18:14, 15 June 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Once diabetic nephropathy develops, secondary prevention to halt the progression of the disease is aimed at strict control of blood pressure, blood glucose levels, as well as lipids.

Secondary Prevention

Once diabetic nephropathy develops, secondary prevention to halt the progression of the disease is aimed at:

  • The benefits of tight control of blood glucose levels are uncertain per a systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration[1].
  • Strict control of blood pressure, as well as lipids.[2]
  • In order to reduce the risks of kidney, eye and blood vessel damage in the body. It is also very important to control lipid levels, maintain a healthy weight, and engage in regular physical activity.

References

  1. Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, De Cosmo S, Pacilli A, Lamacchia O; et al. (2017). "Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6: CD010137. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010137.pub2. PMC 6481869. PMID 28594069. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2017 Oct 17;167(8):JC47 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2017 Dec;22(6):219-220
  2. Chamberlain JJ, Rhinehart AS, Shaefer CF, Neuman A (2016). "Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes: Synopsis of the 2016 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes". Ann. Intern. Med. 164 (8): 542–52. doi:10.7326/M15-3016. PMID 26928912.

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