Diabetes mellitus type 1 natural history, complications, and prognosis

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Case #1

Diabetes mellitus Main page
Patient Information Type 1 Type 2
Overview
Classification Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 2 Gestational diabetes
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Screening
Diagnosis
Prevention

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

If left untreated, patients with [type 1 DM] may progress to develop complications of the hyperglycemia state, which commonly include diabetes ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia hyperosmolar state. Prognosis is generally good with compliance with medications.

Natural History

The symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus usually develop in the first and decade of life, and start with non-specific symptoms of classic new onset type 1 Diabetes mellitus or acute symptoms with diabetic ketoacidosis. Without treatment, the patient will develop complications of type 1 Diabetes mellitus.

Complications

Complications for type 1 DM include:

Complications of Diabetes
Acute complications due to hyperglycemia	Diabetes ketoacidosis Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
Microvascular complications	Eye disease   Retinopathy (nonproliferative/proliferative) Macular edema Neuropathy  Sensory and motor (mono- and polyneuropathy)   and Autonomic neuropathy Nephropathy (albuminuria and declining renal function)
Macrovascular complications	Coronary heart disease Peripheral arterial disease Cerebrovascular disease
Other	Gastrointestinal (gastroparesis, diarrhea) Genitourinary (uropathy/sexual dysfunction) Dermatological complications Infectious complications Cataracts Glaucoma Cheiroarthropathya(thickened skin and reduced joint mobility) Periodontal disease Hearing loss Depression, Obstructive sleep apnea, Fatty liver disease, Hip fracture Osteoporosis (in type 1 diabetes), Cognitive impairment Dementia Low testosterone in men

Prognosis

Diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure. Tight control of blood glucose can prevent or delay diabetes complications. But these problems can occur, even in people with good diabetes control.