Diabetes insipidus causes

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Diabetes insipidus Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Diabetes insipidus from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-Ray

CT scan

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Diabetes insipidus causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Diabetes insipidus causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Diabetes insipidus causes

CDC on Diabetes insipidus causes

Diabetes insipidus causes in the news

Blogs on Diabetes insipidus causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Diabetes insipidus

Risk calculators and risk factors for Diabetes insipidus causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

Central DI

CDI is caused by the destruction or degeneration of neurons originating in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Central DI, results from damage to the pituitary gland, which disrupts the normal storage and release of ADH. Damage to the pituitary gland can be caused by different diseases as well as by head injuries, neurosurgery, or genetic disorders such as[1];

  • Local inflammatory or autoimmune diseases
  • Vascular diseases
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Germinoma/craniopharyngioma
  • Trauma resulting from surgery or an accident
  • Metastases and midline cerebral and cranial malformations

Nephrogenic DI

Nephrogenic DI results when the kidneys are unable to respond to ADH. The kidneys’ ability to respond to ADH can be impaired by;

Dipsogenic DI

Dipsogenic DI is caused by a defect in or damage to the thirst mechanism, which is located in the hypothalamus. This defect results in an abnormal increase in thirst and fluid intake that suppresses ADH secretion and increases urine output. Desmopressin or other drugs should not be used to treat dipsogenic DI because they may decrease urine output but not thirst and fluid intake. This fluid overload can lead to water intoxication, a condition that lowers the concentration of sodium in the blood and can seriously damage the brain. Scientists have not yet found an effective treatment for dipsogenic DI.

Gestational DI

Gestational DI occurs only during pregnancy and results when an enzyme made by the placenta destroys ADH in the mother. The placenta is the system of blood vessels and other tissue that develops with the fetus. The placenta allows exchange of nutrients and waste products between mother and fetus.Most cases of gestational DI can be treated with desmopressin. In rare cases, however, an abnormality in the thirst mechanism causes gestational DI, and desmopressin should not be used.

Common causes

  • Idiopathic: 30% to 50% of all cases
  • Hypothalamic tumors, Pineal tumors

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Hypovolemic shock
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Amphotericin B, Demeclocycline, Lithium , Radiation - for CNS and nasopharyngeal malignancies , Pituitary radiation , Netilmicin , Kanamycin, Carbamazepine , Amikacin
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Ischemia of the pitutary gland , Sheehan syndrome , Pituitary tumour , Panhypopituitarism , lymphocytic hypophysitis , Familial hypopituitarism , congenital nephrogenic , Congenital hypopituitarism , Apoplexy , pituitary cysts
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Inherited genetic kidney disorders , Genetic diseases - pit-1 mutation
Hematologic Sickle cell disease , Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Iatrogenic Neurosurgery , Pituitary surgery
Infectious Disease Tuberculous meningitis , Meningoencephalitis , Infections
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus , Ischemic encephalopathy , Subarachnoid hemorrhage , Mass lesions hypothalamus , Ischemic stroke , Intracranial space-occupying lesion , Intracranial bleeding , Hypoxic encephalopathy , Hypothalamic radiation , Brain aneurysm
Nutritional / Metabolic Hypercalcemia , hemochromatosis , Anorexia nervosa
Obstetric/Gynecologic Gestational diabetes insipidus
Oncologic Pituitary Cancer , pituitary adenomas , malignant tumors infilterating hypothalamus from lung and breast , Histiocytosis , Craniopharyngioma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Polycystic kidney disease, Renal failure , Interstitial nephritis , Hypokalaemia , Hypercalcaemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Sarcoidosis , Autoimmune Hypophysitis , Autoimmune Diabetes Insipidus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Head injury , Trauma - fracture of skull base
Urologic Partial blockage of the ureters
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Dehydration , Wolfram syndrome , Sicca syndrome , Septo-optic dysplasia , Infiltrative lesions , Idiopathic , Hand-Schuller-Christian Syndrome , Familial CDI , Erdheim-Chester disease , DIDMOAD syndrome , Anophthalmia -- hypyothalamo-pituitary insufficiency , Anophthalmia -- hypothalamo-pituitary insufficiency , Amyloidosis

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. Maghnie M, Cosi G, Genovese E, Manca-Bitti ML, Cohen A, Zecca S; et al. (2000). "Central diabetes insipidus in children and young adults". N Engl J Med. 343 (14): 998–1007. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431403. PMID 11018166.


Template:WikiDoc Sources