Diabetes insipidus causes: Difference between revisions

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===Gestational DI===
===Gestational DI===
Gestational diabetes insipidus is an uncommon clinical disorder whose prevalence is approximately 2-3 per 100,000 pregnancies.The only cause that has been associated with this diorder is pregnancy. However, it is usually cause mild polyuria, which can be treated with desmopressin but if left untreated, it can progress to more severe complications.
Gestational diabetes insipidus is a very rare [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of [[pregnancy]]. However, undiagnosed and untreated may lead to serious complications in both mother and [[fetus]]. The only cause that has been associated with this disorder is pregnancy. However, it is usually cause mild [[polyuria]], which can be treated with [[desmopressin]] but if left untreated, it can progress to more severe [[Complication (medicine)|complications]].


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===

Revision as of 15:28, 1 August 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Diabetes insipidus is caused by a variety of factors. The causes for each sub type of diabetes insipidus is classically different. It is important to identify these underlying causes of the various forms in order to appropriately diagnose and treat each type.

Causes

Central DI

CDI is caused by the destruction or degeneration of neurons originating in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Central DI, results from damage to the pituitary gland, which disrupts the normal storage and release of ADH. The most common cause of central diabetes insipidus (CDI), accounting for the vast majority of cases, are idiopathic diabetes insipidus (DI)[1][2]. Others include[2];

Nephrogenic DI

The most common causes of ADH resistance severe enough to produce polyuria are hereditary nephrogenic DI in children, and chronic lithium ingestion and hypercalcemia in adults. Acquired causes are often partially reversible with cessation of the offending drug or correction of hypercalcemia. Other causes include;

Psychogenic DI

Psychogenic DI also known as dipsogenic DI or primary polydipsia or factitious diabetes insipidus is characterized by a primary increase in water intake. Some of the major causes are:

  • Psychiatric illnesses
  • Use of phenothiazine which can lead to the sensation of a dry mouth.
  • Hypothalamic lesions that directly affect the thirst center
  • Infiltrative disease such as sarcoidosis

Gestational DI

Gestational diabetes insipidus is a very rare complication of pregnancy. However, undiagnosed and untreated may lead to serious complications in both mother and fetus. The only cause that has been associated with this disorder is pregnancy. However, it is usually cause mild polyuria, which can be treated with desmopressin but if left untreated, it can progress to more severe complications.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Hypovolemic shock
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Amphotericin B, Demeclocycline, Lithium , Radiation - for CNS and nasopharyngeal malignancies , Pituitary radiation , Netilmicin , Kanamycin, Carbamazepine , Amikacin
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Ischemia of the pitutary gland , Sheehan syndrome , Pituitary tumour , Panhypopituitarism , lymphocytic hypophysitis , Familial hypopituitarism , congenital nephrogenic , Congenital hypopituitarism , Apoplexy , pituitary cysts
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Inherited genetic kidney disorders , Genetic diseases - pit-1 mutation
Hematologic Sickle cell disease , Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Iatrogenic Neurosurgery , Pituitary surgery
Infectious Disease Tuberculous meningitis , Meningoencephalitis , Infections
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus , Ischemic encephalopathy , Subarachnoid hemorrhage , Mass lesions hypothalamus , Ischemic stroke , Intracranial space-occupying lesion , Intracranial bleeding , Hypoxic encephalopathy , Hypothalamic radiation , Brain aneurysm
Nutritional / Metabolic Hypercalcemia , hemochromatosis , Anorexia nervosa
Obstetric/Gynecologic Gestational diabetes insipidus
Oncologic Pituitary Cancer , pituitary adenomas , malignant tumors infilterating hypothalamus from lung and breast , Histiocytosis , Craniopharyngioma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Polycystic kidney disease, Renal failure , Interstitial nephritis , Hypokalaemia , Hypercalcaemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Sarcoidosis , Autoimmune Hypophysitis , Autoimmune Diabetes Insipidus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Head injury , Trauma - fracture of skull base
Urologic Partial blockage of the ureters
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Dehydration , Wolfram syndrome , Sicca syndrome , Septo-optic dysplasia , Infiltrative lesions , Idiopathic , Hand-Schuller-Christian Syndrome , Familial CDI , Erdheim-Chester disease , DIDMOAD syndrome , Anophthalmia -- hypyothalamo-pituitary insufficiency , Anophthalmia -- hypothalamo-pituitary insufficiency , Amyloidosis

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

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