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'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Diabetes insipidus|here]]'''
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Diabetes insipidus|here]]'''
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==What is Diabetes insipidus==
{{Diabetes insipidus (patient information)}}
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare disease that causes frequent urination. The large volume of urine is diluted, mostly water. To make up for lost water, a person with DI may feel the need to drink large amounts and is likely to urinate frequently, even at night, which can disrupt sleep and, on occasion, cause bedwetting. Because of the excretion of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine, people with DI may quickly become dehydrated if they do not drink enough water. Children with DI may be irritable or listless and may have fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. Milder forms of DI can be managed by drinking enough water, usually between 2 and 2.5 liters a day. DI severe enough to endanger a person’s health is rare.


==What are the Symptoms of Diabetes insipidus?==
{{CMG}};  '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' Jinhui Wu, M.D.
:*Excessive thirst and intake of fluids
:*Excessive urination
:*Bed-wetting
:*Waking up in the middle of the night to urinate<ref>http://www.diabetesinsipidus.org/symptomsofdi.htm</ref>


==How " " Is Spread and Who is at Risk for " "?==
==Overview==
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare [[disease]] that causes [[frequent urination]]. The large volume of urine is diluted, mostly water. To make up for lost water, a person with DI may feel the need to drink large amounts and is likely to urinate frequently, even at night, which can disrupt sleep and, on occasion, cause [[bedwetting]]. Because of the excretion of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine, people with DI may quickly become dehydrated if they do not drink enough water. Children with DI may be [[irritable]] or listless and may have [[fever]], [[vomiting]], or [[diarrhea]]. Milder forms of DI can be managed by drinking enough water, usually between 2 and 2.5 liters a day. DI severe enough to endanger a person’s health is rare.


==How to know you have Diabetes insipidus (Diagnosis)==
==What are the symptoms of Diabetes insipidus?==
*Excessive [[thirst]] and intake of fluids
*Excessive [[urination]]
*[[Bedwetting]]
*Waking up in the middle of the night to urinate
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] can also present with similar symptoms.


Because DM is more common and because DM and DI have similar symptoms, a health care provider may suspect that a patient with DI has DM. But testing should make the diagnosis clear.
==What causes Diabetes insipidus?==
There are 4 Types of Diabetes insipidus
===Central DI===
The most common form of serious DI, [[Central diabetes insipidus|central DI]], results from damage to the [[pituitary gland]], which disrupts the normal storage and release of [[ADH]]. Damage to the [[pituitary gland]] can be caused by different [[diseases]] as well as by head injuries, [[neurosurgery]], or [[genetic disorders]]. To treat the [[ADH|ADH deficiency]] that results from any kind of damage to the [[hypothalamus]] or [[pituitary]], a synthetic [[hormone]] called [[desmopressin]] can be taken by an injection, a [[nasal spray]], or a [[Pill (pharmacology)|pill]]. While taking [[desmopressin]], a person should drink fluids only when thirsty and not at other times. The drug prevents water [[excretion]], and water can build up now that the [[kidneys]] are making less urine and are less responsive to changes in body fluids.


A doctor must determine which type of DI is involved before proper treatment can begin. Diagnosis is based on a series of tests, including '''urinalysis''' and a '''fluid deprivation test.'''
===Nephrogenic DI===
[[Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus|Nephrogenic DI]] results when the [[Kidney|kidneys]] are unable to respond to [[ADH]]. The [[kidneys]]’ ability to respond to [[ADH]] can be impaired by [[Drugs (patient information)|drugs]]—like [[lithium]], for example—and by chronic disorders including [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[kidney failure]], partial blockage of the [[ureters]], and inherited genetic disorders. Sometimes the cause of [[Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus|nephrogenic DI]] is never discovered. [[Desmopressin]] will not work for this form of DI. Instead, a person with [[Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus|nephrogenic DI]] may be given [[hydrochlorothiazide]]  ([[HCTZ]]) or [[indomethacin]]. [[HCTZ]] is sometimes combined with another drug called [[amiloride]]. The combination of [[HCTZ]] and [[amiloride]] is sold under the brand name [[Moduretic]]. Again, with this combination of drugs, one should drink fluids only when thirsty and not at other times.


*'''Urinalysis''': is the physical and chemical examination of urine. The urine of a person with DI will be less concentrated. Therefore, the salt and waste concentrations are low and the amount of water excreted is high. A physician evaluates the concentration of urine by measuring how many particles are in a kilogram of water or by comparing the weight of the urine with an equal volume of distilled water.
===Dipsogenic DI===
Dipsogenic DI is caused by a defect in or damage to the thirst mechanism, which is located in the [[hypothalamus]]. This defect results in an abnormal increase in thirst and fluid intake that suppresses [[ADH]] secretion and increases urine output. [[Desmopressin]] or other drugs should not be used to treat dipsogenic DI because they may decrease urine output but not thirst and fluid intake. This fluid overload can lead to [[water intoxication]], a condition that lowers the [[concentration]] of [[sodium]] in the [[blood]] and can seriously damage the [[brain]]. [[Scientists]] have not yet found an effective treatment for dipsogenic DI.


*'''Fluid deprivation test''': helps determine whether DI is caused by one of the following:
===Gestational DI===
:* excessive intake of fluid
Gestational DI occurs only during [[pregnancy]] and results when an [[enzyme]] made by the [[placenta]] destroys [[ADH]] in the mother. The placenta is the system of blood vessels and other tissue that develops with the [[fetus]]. The placenta allows exchange of nutrients and waste products between mother and fetus.Most cases of gestational DI can be treated with [[desmopressin]]. In rare cases, however, an abnormality in the thirst mechanism causes gestational DI, and [[desmopressin]] should not be used.
:* a defect in ADH production
:* a defect in the kidneys’ response to ADH


This test measures changes in body weight, urine output, and urine composition when fluids are withheld. Sometimes measuring blood levels of ADH during this test is also necessary.
==Who is at highest risk?==
[[Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus]] presenting at or shortly after birth can have a [[Genetics|genetic]] cause. It usually affects males, though women can be a carrier and pass the [[gene]] on to their children.


In some patients, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain may be necessary as well.
==When to seek urgent medical care?==
Tell your doctor if you are experiencing any of the symptoms associated with diabetes insipidus.


==When to Seek Urgent Medical Care==
==Diagnosis==
Because [[diabetes mellitus]] is more common and because [[diabetes mellitus]] (DM) and [[Diabetes insipidus|diabetes insipidus (DI)]] have similar symptoms, a [[health care provider]] may suspect that a [[patient]] with [[Diabetes insipidus|DI]] has [[DM]]. But testing should make the diagnosis clear.A doctor must determine which type of [[DI]] is involved before proper treatment can begin. Diagnosis is based on a series of tests, including '''urinalysis''' and a '''fluid deprivation test.'''
*'''[[Urinalysis]]''': is the physical and chemical examination of [[urine]]. The [[urine]] of a person with [[DI]] will be less concentrated. Therefore, the [[salt]] and waste concentrations are low and the amount of water excreted is high. A physician evaluates the concentration of [[urine]] by measuring how many particles are in a kilogram of water or by comparing the weight of the urine with an equal volume of distilled water.
*'''[[Fluid deprivation test]]''': helps determine whether [[Diabetes insipidus|DI]] is caused by one of the following:
* excessive intake of fluid
* a defect in [[ADH]] production
* a defect in the [[kidneys]]’ response to [[ADH]]
This test measures changes in body weight, urine output, and urine composition when fluids are withheld. Sometimes measuring blood levels of [[ADH]] during this test is also necessary. In some patients, a [[magnetic resonance imaging]] ([[MRI]]) of the brain may be necessary as well.


==Treatment Options==
==Treatment options==
*'''[[Central diabetes insipidus|Central DI]]''' is caused by damage to the [[pituitary gland]] and is treated with a synthetic hormone called [[desmopressin]], which prevents water [[excretion]].
*'''[[Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus|Nephrogenic DI]]''' is caused by [[drugs]] or [[kidney disease]] and is treated with [[hydrochlorothiazide]] (HCTZ), [[indomethacin]], or a combination of HCTZ and [[amiloride]].
*Scientists have not yet discovered an effective treatment for '''dipsogenic DI''', which is caused by a defect in the thirst mechanism.
*Most forms of '''gestational DI''' can be treated with [[desmopressin]].
*A doctor must determine which type of [[Diabetes insipidus|DI]] is involved before proper treatment can begin.


==Diseases With Similar Symptoms==
==Where to find medical care for Diabetes insipidus?==
[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|Diabetes insipidus}}}}&amp;sll=37.0625,-95.677068&amp;sspn=65.008093,112.148438&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;ll=37.0625,-95.677068&amp;spn=91.690419,149.414063&amp;z=2&amp;source=embed Directions to Hospitals Treating Diabetes insipidus]


==Where to find Medical Care for Diabetes Insipidus==
==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==
[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|Diabetes insipidus}}}}&amp;sll=37.0625,-95.677068&amp;sspn=65.008093,112.148438&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;ll=37.0625,-95.677068&amp;spn=91.690419,149.414063&amp;z=2&amp;source=embed Directions to Hospitals Treating Diabetes insipidus]
The outcome depends on the underlying disorder. If treated, [[diabetes insipidus]] does not cause severe problems or reduce life expectancy.
 
==Possible complications==
If thirst mechanisms are normal and you drink enough fluids, there are no significant effects on body fluid or salt balance.


==Prevention of " "==
Not drinking enough fluids can lead to the following complications:


==What to Expect (Outook/Prognosis)==
*[[Dehydration]]
*Dry skin
*Dry [[mucus membranes]]
*[[Fever]]
*[[Tachycardia|Rapid heart rate]]
*Sunken appearance to eyes
*Sunken [[fontanelles]] (soft spot) in infants
*Unintentional [[weight loss]]
*[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
*[[Fatigue]], [[lethargy]]
*[[Headache]]
*[[Irritability]]
*[[Muscle pains]]


==Sources==
==Sources==
*http://www.diabetesinsipidus.org/symptomsofdi.htm
*http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesinsipidus.html
*
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[[Category:Endocrinology]]
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[[Category:For review]]

Latest revision as of 13:54, 14 July 2017


For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

Diabetes insipidus

Overview

What are the symptoms?

What are the causes?

Who is at highest risk?

When to seek urgent medical care?

Diagnosis

Treatment options

Where to find medical care for Diabetes insipidus?

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Possible complications

Diabetes insipidus On the Web

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

Images of Diabetes insipidus

Videos on Diabetes insipidus

FDA on Diabetes insipidus

CDC on Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus in the news

Blogs on Diabetes insipidus

Directions to Hospitals Treating Diabetes insipidus

Risk calculators and risk factors for Diabetes insipidus

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Jinhui Wu, M.D.

Overview

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare disease that causes frequent urination. The large volume of urine is diluted, mostly water. To make up for lost water, a person with DI may feel the need to drink large amounts and is likely to urinate frequently, even at night, which can disrupt sleep and, on occasion, cause bedwetting. Because of the excretion of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine, people with DI may quickly become dehydrated if they do not drink enough water. Children with DI may be irritable or listless and may have fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. Milder forms of DI can be managed by drinking enough water, usually between 2 and 2.5 liters a day. DI severe enough to endanger a person’s health is rare.

What are the symptoms of Diabetes insipidus?

What causes Diabetes insipidus?

There are 4 Types of Diabetes insipidus

Central DI

The most common form of serious DI, central DI, results from damage to the pituitary gland, which disrupts the normal storage and release of ADH. Damage to the pituitary gland can be caused by different diseases as well as by head injuries, neurosurgery, or genetic disorders. To treat the ADH deficiency that results from any kind of damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary, a synthetic hormone called desmopressin can be taken by an injection, a nasal spray, or a pill. While taking desmopressin, a person should drink fluids only when thirsty and not at other times. The drug prevents water excretion, and water can build up now that the kidneys are making less urine and are less responsive to changes in body fluids.

Nephrogenic DI

Nephrogenic DI results when the kidneys are unable to respond to ADH. The kidneys’ ability to respond to ADH can be impaired by drugs—like lithium, for example—and by chronic disorders including polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell disease, kidney failure, partial blockage of the ureters, and inherited genetic disorders. Sometimes the cause of nephrogenic DI is never discovered. Desmopressin will not work for this form of DI. Instead, a person with nephrogenic DI may be given hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or indomethacin. HCTZ is sometimes combined with another drug called amiloride. The combination of HCTZ and amiloride is sold under the brand name Moduretic. Again, with this combination of drugs, one should drink fluids only when thirsty and not at other times.

Dipsogenic DI

Dipsogenic DI is caused by a defect in or damage to the thirst mechanism, which is located in the hypothalamus. This defect results in an abnormal increase in thirst and fluid intake that suppresses ADH secretion and increases urine output. Desmopressin or other drugs should not be used to treat dipsogenic DI because they may decrease urine output but not thirst and fluid intake. This fluid overload can lead to water intoxication, a condition that lowers the concentration of sodium in the blood and can seriously damage the brain. Scientists have not yet found an effective treatment for dipsogenic DI.

Gestational DI

Gestational DI occurs only during pregnancy and results when an enzyme made by the placenta destroys ADH in the mother. The placenta is the system of blood vessels and other tissue that develops with the fetus. The placenta allows exchange of nutrients and waste products between mother and fetus.Most cases of gestational DI can be treated with desmopressin. In rare cases, however, an abnormality in the thirst mechanism causes gestational DI, and desmopressin should not be used.

Who is at highest risk?

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus presenting at or shortly after birth can have a genetic cause. It usually affects males, though women can be a carrier and pass the gene on to their children.

When to seek urgent medical care?

Tell your doctor if you are experiencing any of the symptoms associated with diabetes insipidus.

Diagnosis

Because diabetes mellitus is more common and because diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetes insipidus (DI) have similar symptoms, a health care provider may suspect that a patient with DI has DM. But testing should make the diagnosis clear.A doctor must determine which type of DI is involved before proper treatment can begin. Diagnosis is based on a series of tests, including urinalysis and a fluid deprivation test.

  • Urinalysis: is the physical and chemical examination of urine. The urine of a person with DI will be less concentrated. Therefore, the salt and waste concentrations are low and the amount of water excreted is high. A physician evaluates the concentration of urine by measuring how many particles are in a kilogram of water or by comparing the weight of the urine with an equal volume of distilled water.
  • Fluid deprivation test: helps determine whether DI is caused by one of the following:
  • excessive intake of fluid
  • a defect in ADH production
  • a defect in the kidneys’ response to ADH

This test measures changes in body weight, urine output, and urine composition when fluids are withheld. Sometimes measuring blood levels of ADH during this test is also necessary. In some patients, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain may be necessary as well.

Treatment options

Where to find medical care for Diabetes insipidus?

Directions to Hospitals Treating Diabetes insipidus

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

The outcome depends on the underlying disorder. If treated, diabetes insipidus does not cause severe problems or reduce life expectancy.

Possible complications

If thirst mechanisms are normal and you drink enough fluids, there are no significant effects on body fluid or salt balance.

Not drinking enough fluids can lead to the following complications:

Sources

Template:WH Template:WS