View source for Dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate

{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|authorTag={{SS}}
|genericName=dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate
|aOrAn=an
|drugClass=amphetamine
|indicationType=treatment
|indication=[[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], ([[ADHD]]) and [[narcolepsy]]
|adverseReactions=increased systolic arterial pressure, [[weight loss]], [[abdominal pain]], [[anorexia]], [[xerostomia]], [[headache]], [[insomnia]]
|blackBoxWarningTitle=<b><span style="color:#FF0000;">TITLE</span></b>
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
|fdaLIADAdult=<h4>Narcolepsy</h4>

* Dosing information
:* Usual dose '''5 mg to 60 mg per day''' in divided doses, depending on the individual patient response.
:* [[Narcolepsy]] seldom occurs in children under 12 years of age; however, when it does, dextroamphetamine sulfate may be used. The suggested initial dose for patients aged 6 to 12 is 5 mg daily; daily dose may be raised in increments of 5 mg at weekly intervals until optimal response is obtained. In patients 12 years of age and older, start with 10 mg daily; daily dosage may be raised in increments of 10 mg at weekly intervals until optimal response is obtained. If bothersome adverse reactions appear (e.g., [[insomnia]] or [[anorexia]]), dosage should be reduced. Give first dose on awakening; additional doses (1 or 2) at intervals of 4 to 6 hours.
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate in adult patients.
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate in adult patients.
|fdaLIADPed=<H4>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</H4>

* Indication
:* A diagnosis of [[Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]] ([[ADHD]]; DSM-IV®) implies the presence of hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment and were present before age 7 years. The symptoms must cause clinically significant impairment, e.g., in social, academic, or occupational functioning, and be present in two or more settings, e.g., school (or work) and at home. The symptoms must not be better accounted for by another mental disorder. For the Inattentive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: lack of attention to details/careless mistakes; lack of sustained attention; poor listener; failure to follow through on tasks; poor organization; avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort; loses things; easily distracted; forgetful. For the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: fidgeting/squirming; leaving seat; inappropriate running/climbing; difficulty with quiet activities; “on the go;” excessive talking; blurting answers; can't wait turn; intrusive. The Combined Type requires both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive criteria to be met.
* Dosing information
:* Not recommended for children under 3 years of age. In children from 3 to 5 years of age, start with 2.5 mg daily; daily dosage may be raised in increments of 2.5 mg at weekly intervals until optimal response is obtained.
:* In children 6 years of age and older, start with 5 mg once or twice daily; daily dosage may be raised in increments of 5 mg at weekly intervals until optimal response is obtained. Only in rare cases will it be necessary to exceed a total of 40 mg per day. Give first dose on awakening; additional doses (1 or 2) at intervals of 4 to 6 hours.
:* Where possible, drug administration should be interrupted occasionally to determine if there is a recurrence of behavioral symptoms sufficient to require continued therapy.
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate in pediatric patients.
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate in pediatric patients.
|contraindications=* Advanced [[arteriosclerosis]], symptomatic cardiovascular disease, moderate to severe [[hypertension]], [[hyperthyroidism]], known hypersensitivity or [[idiosyncrasy]] to the sympathomimetic amines, [[glaucoma]].
* Agitated states.
* Patients with a history of drug abuse.
* During or within 14 days following the administration of [[monoamine oxidase inhibitors]] (hypertensive crises may result).
|warnings====Serious Cardiovascular Events===

====Sudden Death and Preexisting Structural Cardiac Abnormalities or Other Serious Heart Problems====
'''<i>Children and Adolescents</i>'''
* Sudden death has been reported in association with CNS stimulant treatment at usual doses in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems.
* Although some structural heart problems alone may carry an increased risk of sudden death, stimulant products generally should not be used in children or adolescents with known structural cardiac abnormalities, [[cardiomyopathy]], serious [[heart]] rhythm abnormalities, or other serious cardiac problems that may place them at increased vulnerability to the sympathomimetic effects of a stimulant drug .
'''<i>Adults</i>'''
* Sudden deaths, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults taking stimulant drugs at usual doses for [[ADHD]]. Although the role of stimulants in these adult cases is also unknown, adults have a greater likelihood than children of having serious structural cardiac abnormalities, [[cardiomyopathy]], serious heart rhythm abnormalities, coronary artery disease, or other serious cardiac problems. 
* Adults with such abnormalities should also generally not be treated with stimulant drugs .
'''[[Hypertension]] and Other Cardiovascular Conditions'''
* Stimulant medications cause a modest increase in average blood pressure (about 2 to 4 mmHg) and average heart rate (about 3 to 6 bpm) , and individuals may have larger increases. While the mean changes alone would not be expected to have short-term consequences, all patients should be monitored for larger changes in heart rate and [[blood pressure]]. Caution is indicated in treating patients whose underlying medical conditions might be compromised by increases in [[blood pressure]] or [[heart rate]], e.g., those with preexisting [[hypertension]], heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, or [[ventricular arrhythmia]] .
'''Assessing Cardiovascular Status in Patients Being Treated With Stimulant Medications'''
* Children, adolescents, or adults who are being considered for treatment with stimulant medications should have a careful history (including assessment for a family history of sudden death or [[ventricular arrhythmia]]) and physical exam to assess for the presence of cardiac disease, and should receive further cardiac evaluation if findings suggest such disease (e.g., [[electrocardiogram]] and [[echocardiogram]]). Patients who develop symptoms such as exertional [[chest pain]], unexplained [[syncope]], or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease during stimulant treatment should undergo a prompt cardiac evaluation.
'''Psychiatric Adverse Events'''
'''Preexisting Psychosis'''
* Administration of stimulants may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with preexisting psychotic disorder.
'''Bipolar Illness'''
* Particular care should be taken in using stimulants to treat [[ADHD]] patients with comorbid [[bipolar disorder]] because of concern for possible induction of mixed/manic episode in such patients. Prior to initiating treatment with a stimulant, patients with comorbid depressive symptoms should be adequately screened to determine if they are at risk for bipolar disorder; such screening should include a detailed psychiatric history, including a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression.
'''Emergence of New Psychotic or Manic Symptoms'''
* Treatment emergent psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or [[mania]] in children and adolescents without prior history of psychotic illness or mania can be caused by stimulants at usual doses. If such symptoms occur, consideration should be given to a possible causal role of the stimulant, and discontinuation of treatment may be appropriate. In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo-controlled studies, such symptoms occurred in about 0.1% (4 patients with events out of 3482 exposed to [[methylphenidate]] or [[amphetamine]] for several weeks at usual doses) of stimulant-treated patients compared to 0 in placebo-treated patients.
'''[[Aggression]]'''
* Aggressive behavior or hostility is often observed in children and adolescents with [[ADHD]], and has been reported in clinical trials and the postmarketing experience of some medications indicated for the treatment of [[ADHD]]. Although there is no systematic evidence that stimulants cause aggressive behavior or hostility, patients beginning treatment for [[ADHD]] should be monitored for the appearance of or worsening of aggressive behavior or hostility.
'''Long-Term Suppression of Growth'''
* Careful follow-up of weight and height in children ages 7 to 10 years who were randomized to either methylphenidate or non-medication treatment groups over 14 months, as well as in naturalistic subgroups of newly [[methylphenidate]]-treated and non-medication treated children over 36 months (to the ages of 10 to 13 years), suggests that consistently medicated children (i.e., treatment for 7 days per week throughout the year) have a temporary slowing in growth rate (on average, a total of about 2 cm less growth in height and 2.7 kg less growth in weight over 3 years), without evidence of growth rebound during this period of development. Published data are inadequate to determine whether chronic use of [[amphetamines]] may cause a similar suppression of growth, however, it is anticipated that they will likely have this effect as well. Therefore, growth should be monitored during treatment with stimulants, and patients who are not growing or gaining weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted.
'''Seizures'''
* There is some clinical evidence that stimulants may lower the convulsive threshold in patients with prior history of [[seizure]], in patients with prior EEG abnormalities in absence of [[seizure]]s, and very rarely, in patients without a history of [[seizure]]s and no prior EEG evidence of [[seizure]]s. In the presence of [[seizure]]s, the drug should be discontinued.
'''Peripheral Vasculopathy, Including [[Raynaud’s Phenomenon]]'''''
* Stimulants, including Adderall®, used to treat [[ADHD]] are associated with peripheral [[vasculopathy]], including [[Raynaud’s phenomenon]]. Signs and symptoms are usually intermittent and mild; however, very rare sequelae include digital ulceration and/or soft tissue breakdown. Effects of peripheral vasculopathy, including [[Raynaud’s phenomenon]], were observed in postmarketing reports at different times and at therapeutic doses in all age groups throughout the course of treatment. Signs and symptoms generally improve after reduction in dose or discontinuation of drug. Careful observation for digital changes is necessary during treatment with [[ADHD]] stimulants. Further clinical evaluation (e.g., [[rheumatology]] referral) may be appropriate for certain patients.
'''Visual Disturbance'''
* Difficulties with accommodation and blurring of vision have been reported with stimulant treatment.
==Precaution==
===General===
* The least amount of amphetamine feasible should be prescribed or dispensed at one time in order to minimize the possibility of overdosage. Dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate ® should be used with caution in patients who use other sympathomimetic drugs.
===Tics===
* Amphetamines have been reported to exacerbate motor and phonic [[tics]] and [[Tourette’s syndrome]]. Therefore, clinical evaluation for tics and [[Tourette’s syndrome]] in children and their families should precede use of stimulant medications.
|clinicalTrials='''Cardiovascular'''
* [[Palpitations]], [[tachycardia]], elevation of [[blood pressure]], sudden death, [[myocardial infarction]]. There have been isolated reports of [[cardiomyopathy]] associated with chronic amphetamine use.
'''Central Nervous System'''
* Psychotic episodes at recommended doses, overstimulation, restlessness, irritability, [[euphoria]], [[dyskinesia]], [[dysphoria]], [[depression]], [[tremor]], [[tics]], [[aggression]], [[anger]], [[logorrhea]], [[dermatillomania]].
'''Eye Disorders'''
* [[Vision blurred]], [[mydriasis]].
'''Gastrointestinal'''
* Dryness of the mouth, unpleasant taste, [[diarrhea]], [[constipation]], other gastrointestinal disturbances. [[anorexia]] and weight loss may occur as undesirable effects.
'''Allergic'''
* [[Urticaria]], [[rash]], hypersensitivity reactions including [[angioedema]] and [[anaphylaxis]]. Serious skin rashes, including [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]] and [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]] have been reported.
'''Endocrine'''
* [[Impotence]], changes in libido, frequent or prolonged erections.
'''Skin'''
* [[Alopecia]].
|postmarketing=FDA Package Insert for dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate contains no information regarding postmarketing experience.
|drugInteractions='''Acidifying Agents'''
* Gastrointestinal acidifying agents ([[guanethidine]], [[reserpine]], glutamic acid HCl, ascorbic acid, fruit juices, etc.) lower absorption of amphetamines.
'''Urinary [[Acidifying Agents]]'''
* Agents (ammonium chloride, sodium acid phosphate, etc.) increase the concentration of the ionized species of the amphetamine molecule, thereby increasing urinary excretion. Both groups of agents lower blood levels and efficacy of amphetamines.
'''Adrenergic Blockers'''
* [[Adrenergic blockers]] are inhibited by amphetamines.
'''Alkalinizing Agents'''
* Gastrointestinal [[alkalinizing agents]] (sodium bicarbonate, etc.) increase absorption of amphetamines. Coadministration of dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate ® and gastrointestinal [[alkalizing agents]], such as [[antacids]], should be avoided. Urinary alkalinizing agents ([[acetazolamide]], some [[thiazides]]) increase the concentration of the non-ionized species of the amphetamine molecule, thereby decreasing urinary excretion. 
* Both groups of agents increase blood levels and therefore potentiate the actions of amphetamines.
'''Antidepressants, Tricyclic'''
* Amphetamines may enhance the activity of tricyclic or sympathomimetic agents; d-amphetamine with [[desipramine]] or [[protriptyline]] and possibly other [[tricyclics]] cause striking and sustained increases in the concentration of d-amphetamine in the brain; cardiovascular effects can be potentiated.
'''MAO Inhibitors'''
* [[MAOI antidepressants]], as well as a metabolite of [[furazolidone]], slow amphetamine metabolism. This slowing potentiates amphetamines, increasing their effect on the release of [[norepinephrine]] and other monoamines from adrenergic nerve endings; this can cause headaches and other signs of hypertensive crisis. A variety of neurological toxic effects and malignant [[hyperpyrexia]] can occur, sometimes with fatal results.
'''Antihistamines'''
* Amphetamines may counteract the sedative effect of [[antihistamines]].
'''Antihypertensives'''
* Amphetamines may antagonize the hypotensive effects of [[antihypertensives]].
'''Chlorpromazine'''
* [[Chlorpromazine]] blocks [[dopamine]] and norepinephrine receptors, thus inhibiting the central stimulant effects of amphetamines, and can be used to treat amphetamine poisoning.
'''Ethosuximide'''
* Amphetamines may delay intestinal absorption of [[ethosuximide]].
'''Haloperidol'''
* [[Haloperidol]] blocks dopamine receptors, thus inhibiting the central stimulant effects of [[amphetamines]].
'''Lithium Carbonate'''
* The anorectic and stimulatory effects of amphetamines may be inhibited by lithium carbonate.
'''Meperidine'''
* Amphetamines potentiate the analgesic effect of [[meperidine]].
'''Methenamine Therapy'''
* Urinary excretion of amphetamines is increased, and efficacy is reduced, by acidifying agents used in methenamine therapy.
'''Norepinephrine'''
* Amphetamines enhance the adrenergic effect of [[norepinephrine]].
'''Phenobarbital'''
* Amphetamines may delay intestinal absorption of phenobarbital; coadministration of phenobarbital may produce a synergistic anticonvulsant action.
'''Phenytoin'''
* Amphetamines may delay intestinal absorption of [[phenytoin]]; coadministration of [[phenytoin]] may produce a synergistic anticonvulsant action.
'''Propoxyphene'''
* In cases of [[propoxyphene]] overdosage, amphetamine CNS stimulation is potentiated and fatal convulsions can occur.
'''Proton Pump Inhibitors'''
* [[PPIs]] act on proton pumps by blocking acid production, thereby reducing gastric acidity. When dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate  XR® (20 mg single-dose) was administered concomitantly with the [[proton pump inhibitor]], [[omeprazole]] (40 mg once daily for 14 days), the median Tmax of d-amphetamine was decreased by 1.25 hours (from 4 to 2.75 hours), and the median Tmax of l-amphetamine was decreased by 2.5 hours (from 5.5 to 3 hours), compared to dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate administered alone. The AUC and Cmax of each moiety were unaffected. Therefore, coadministration of dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate ® and [[proton pump inhibitors]] should be monitored for changes in clinical effect.
'''Veratrum Alkaloids'''
* Amphetamines inhibit the hypotensive effect of [[veratrum alkaloids]].
=====Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions=====
* Amphetamines can cause a significant elevation in plasma corticosteroid levels. This increase is greatest in the evening. Amphetamines may interfere with urinary steroid determinations
|FDAPregCat=C
|useInPregnancyFDA=* Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate ® (d- to l- ratio of 3:1), had no apparent effects on embryofetal morphological development or survival when orally administered to pregnant rats and rabbits throughout the period of organogenesis at doses of up to 6 and 16 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are approximately 1.5 and 8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose of 30 mg/day [child] on a mg/m2 body surface area basis. Fetal malformations and death have been reported in mice following parenteral administration of d-amphetamine doses of 50 mg/kg/day (approximately 6 times that of a human dose of 30 mg/day [child] on a mg/m2 basis) or greater to pregnant animals. Administration of these doses was also associated with severe maternal toxicity.
* A number of studies in rodents indicate that prenatal or early postnatal exposure to amphetamine (d- or d,l-), at doses similar to those used clinically, can result in long-term neurochemical and behavioral alterations. Reported behavioral effects include learning and memory deficits, altered locomotor activity, and changes in sexual function.
* There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. There has been one report of severe congenital bony deformity, tracheo-esophageal fistula, and anal atresia (vater association) in a baby born to a woman who took dextroamphetamine sulfate with lovastatin during the first trimester of pregnancy. Amphetamines should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
|useInNursing=Amphetamines are excreted in human milk. Mothers taking amphetamines should be advised to refrain from nursing.
|useInPed=* Long-term effects of amphetamines in children have not been well established. 
* Amphetamines are not recommended for use in children under 3 years of age with [[Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]]
|useInGeri=dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate  has not been studied in the geriatric population.
|administration=* [[Oral]]
|monitoring=FDA Package Insert for Dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate contains no information regarding Drug Monitoring.
|IVCompat=There is limited information about the IV Compatibility.
|overdose=* Individual patient response to amphetamines varies widely. Toxic symptoms may occur idiosyncratically at low doses.
=====Symptoms=====
* Manifestations of acute overdosage with amphetamines include restlessness, [[tremor]], [[hyperreflexia]], rapid respiration, [[confusion]], [[assaultiveness]], [[hallucinations]], [[panic states]], [[hyperpyrexia]] and [[rhabdomyolysis]].
* [[Fatigue]] and [[depression]] usually follow the central stimulation.
* Cardiovascular effects include [[arrhythmias]], [[hypertension]] or [[hypotension]] and circulatory collapse.
* Gastrointestinal symptoms include [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], and [[abdominal cramps]]. Fatal poisoning is usually preceded by [[convulsions]] and [[coma]].
=====Treatment=====
* Consult with a Certified Poison Control Center for up to date guidance and advice. * Management of acute amphetamine intoxication is largely symptomatic and includes gastric lavage, administration of activated charcoal, administration of a cathartic and sedation. Experience with [[hemodialysis]] or [[peritoneal dialysis]] is inadequate to permit recommendation in this regard. Acidification of the urine increases amphetamine excretion, but is believed to increase risk of acute renal failure if [[myoglobinuria]] is present. If acute, severe [[hypertension]] complicates amphetamine overdosage, administration of intravenous [[phentolamine]] has been suggested. However, a gradual drop in blood pressure will usually result when sufficient sedation has been achieved. [[Chlorpromazine]] antagonizes the central stimulant effects of amphetamines and can be used to treat amphetamine intoxication.
|structure=* A single-entity amphetamine product combining the neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, with the dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and d, l-amphetamine aspartate.
[[File:DailyMed - ADDERALL- dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate tablet .png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
|PD=* Amphetamines are non-catecholamine sympathomimetic amines with CNS stimulant activity. * The mode of therapeutic action in [[Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]] ([[ADHD]]) is not known. Amphetamines are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space.
|PK=* Adderall® tablets contain d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine salts in the ratio of 3:1. Following administration of a single dose 10 or 30 mg of Adderall® to healthy volunteers under fasted conditions, peak plasma concentrations occurred approximately 3 hours post-dose for both d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine. The mean elimination half-life (t1/2) for d-amphetamine was shorter than the t1/2 of the l-isomer (9.77 to 11 hours vs. 11.5 to 13.8 hours). The PK parameters (Cmax, AUC0-inf) of d-and l-amphetamine increased approximately three-fold from 10 mg to 30 mg indicating dose-proportional pharmacokinetics.
* The effect of food on the bioavailability of Adderall® has not been studied.
* Metabolism and Excretion
* Amphetamine is reported to be oxidized at the 4 position of the benzene ring to form 4-hydroxyamphetamine, or on the side chain α or β carbons to form alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine or norephedrine, respectively. Norephedrine and 4-hydroxy-amphetamine are both active and each is subsequently oxidized to form 4-hydroxy-norephedrine. Alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine undergoes deamination to form phenylacetone, which ultimately forms benzoic acid and its glucuronide and the glycine conjugate hippuric acid. Although the enzymes involved in amphetamine metabolism have not been clearly defined, CYP2D6 is known to be involved with formation of 4-hydroxy-amphetamine. Since CYP2D6 is genetically polymorphic, population variations in amphetamine metabolism are a possibility.
* Amphetamine is known to inhibit [[monoamine oxidase]], whereas the ability of amphetamine and its metabolites to inhibit various P450 isozymes and other enzymes has not been adequately elucidated. In vitro experiments with human microsomes indicate minor inhibition of CYP2D6 by amphetamine and minor inhibition of CYP1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 by one or more metabolites. However, due to the probability of auto-inhibition and the lack of information on the concentration of these metabolites relative to in vivo concentrations, no predications regarding the potential for amphetamine or its metabolites to inhibit the metabolism of other drugs by CYP isozymes in vivo can be made.
* With normal urine pHs approximately half of an administered dose of amphetamine is recoverable in urine as derivatives of alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine and approximately another 30% to 40% of the dose is recoverable in urine as amphetamine itself. Since amphetamine has a pKa of 9.9, urinary recovery of amphetamine is highly dependent on pH and urine flow rates. Alkaline urine pHs result in less ionization and reduced renal elimination, and acidic pHs and high flow rates result in increased renal elimination with clearances greater than glomerular filtration rates, indicating the involvement of active secretion. Urinary recovery of amphetamine has been reported to range from 1% to 75%, depending on urinary pH, with the remaining fraction of the dose hepatically metabolized. Consequently, both hepatic and renal dysfunction have the potential to inhibit the elimination of amphetamine and result in prolonged exposures. In addition, drugs that affect urinary pH are known to alter the elimination of amphetamine, and any decrease in amphetamine’s metabolism that might occur due to drug interactions or genetic polymorphisms is more likely to be clinically significant when renal elimination is decreased.
|nonClinToxic=* No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in studies in which d,l-amphetamine (enantiomer ratio of 1:1) was administered to mice and rats in the diet for 2 years at doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day in male mice, 19 mg/kg/day in female mice, and 5 mg/kg/day in male and female rats. These doses are approximately 2.4, 1.5, and 0.8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose of 30 mg/day [child] on a mg/m2 body surface area basis.
* Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in Adderall® (immediate-release)(d- to l- ratio of 3:1), was not clastogenic in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test in vivo and was negative when tested in the E. coli component of the Ames test in vitro. d, l-Amphetamine (1:1 enantiomer ratio) has been reported to produce a positive response in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, an equivocal response in the Ames test, and negative responses in the in vitro sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration assays.
* Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in Adderall® (immediate-release)(d- to l- ratio of 3:1), did not adversely affect fertility or early embryonic development in the rat at doses of up to 20 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended human dose of 30 mg/day on a mg/m2 body surface area basis).
|clinicalStudies=FDA Package Insert for dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate contains no information regarding clinical studies.
|howSupplied=* Adderall® (Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets) is supplied as follows:
:* 5 mg: White to off-white, round, flat-faced beveled edge tablet with four partial bisects debossed with 5 on one side and debossed with dp on the other side. They are available in bottles of 100 tablets.
:* 7.5 mg: Blue, oval, biconvex tablet with two partial bisects debossed with 7.5 on one side.
|storage=* Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).
* Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure (as required).
* KEEP THIS AND ALL MEDICATIONS OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.
* All brand names listed are the registered trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Teva Pharmaceuticals USA.
|fdaPatientInfo=* Amphetamines may impair the ability of the patient to engage in potentially hazardous activities such as operating machinery or vehicles; the patient should therefore be cautioned accordingly.
* Prescribers or other health professionals should inform patients, their families, and their caregivers about the benefits and risks associated with treatment with amphetamine or dextroamphetamine and should counsel them in its appropriate use. A patient Medication Guide is available for Adderall®.
* The prescriber or health professional should instruct patients, their families, and their caregivers to read the Medication Guide and should assist them in understanding its contents. Patients should be given the opportunity to discuss the contents of the Medication Guide and to obtain answers to any questions they may have. The complete text of the Medication Guide is reprinted at the end of this document.
* Circulation Problems in Fingers and Toes [Peripheral Vasculopathy, Including [[Raynaud’s Phenomenon]]
* Instruct patients beginning treatment with Adderall® about the risk of peripheral [[vasculopathy]], including [Raynaud’s phenomenon]], and associated signs and symptoms: fingers or toes may feel numb, cool, painful, and/or may change color from pale, to blue, to red.
* Instruct patients to report to their physician any new numbness, pain, skin color change, or sensitivity to temperature in fingers or toes.
* Instruct patients to call their physician immediately with any signs of unexplained wounds appearing on fingers or toes while taking Adderall®.
* Further clinical evaluation (e.g., [[rheumatology]] referral) may be appropriate for certain patients.
|alcohol=Alcohol-Dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
|brandNames=* ADDERALL®<ref>{{Cite web | title =ADDERALL- dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate tablet   | url =http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=24af5ced-ed01-4188-95f0-b6b8e4f70aab }}</ref>

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[[Category:Phenethylamines]]
[[Category:Stimulants]]
[[Category:VMAT inhibitors]]