Dermacentor variabilis: Difference between revisions

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==Transmitted Diseases==
==Transmitted Diseases==
*''D. variabilis'' may be exposed to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', the causative agent of [[Lyme disease]],<ref name="Holden">{{cite journal |author=Kevin Holden, John T. Boothby, Sulekha Anand & Robert F. Massung |year=2003 |title=Detection of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', ''Ehrlichia chaffeensis'', and ''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'' in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a Coastal Region of California |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=534–9 |doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.534 |pmid=14680123}}</ref> these ticks are not competent [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] for the transmission of this disease.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Joseph Piesman & Christine M. Happ |year=1997 |title=Ability of the Lyme disease spirochete ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' to infect rodents and three species of human-biting ticks (blacklegged tick, American dog tick, lone star tick) (Acari:Ixodidae) |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=451–6 |pmid=9220680 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1997/00000034/00000004/art00012 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/34.4.451}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=F. H. Sanders & J. H. Oliver |year=1995 |title=Evaluation of ''Ixodes scapularis'', ''Amblyomma americanum'', and ''Dermacentor variabilis'' (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia as vectors of a Florida strain of the Lyme disease spirochete, ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=402–426 |pmid=7650697 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1995/00000032/00000004/art00002 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/32.4.402}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stanley W. Mukolwe, A. Alan Kocan, Robert W. Barker, Katherine M. Kocan & George L. Murphy |year=1992 |title=Attempted transmission of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) (JDI strain) by ''Ixodes scapularis'' (Acari: Ixodidae), ''Dermacentor variabilis'', and Amblyomma ''americanum'' |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=673–7 |pmid=1495078 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1992/00000029/00000004/art00016 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/29.4.673}}</ref> The primary vector for ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' is the deer tick ''[[Ixodes scapularis]]'' in Eastern parts of the United States, and ''[[Ixodes pacificus]]'' in California and Oregon. ''Dermacentor variabilis'' may also carry ''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', the causative agent of HGE (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), and ''[[Ehrlichia chaffeensis]]'', the causative agent of HME (human monocytic ehrlichiosis).<ref name="Holden"/>
Primary organisms as well as corresponding diseases transmitted by ''Dermacentor variabilis'' include:  
* ''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', the causative agent of [[Ehrlichiosis|HGE]] (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), and ''[[Ehrlichiosis|Ehrlichia chaffeensis]]'', the causative agent of HME (human monocytic ehrlichiosis).<ref name="Holden" />
* [[tick paralysis]] by elaboration of a neurotoxin that induces rapidly progressive [[flaccid paralysis|flaccid quadriparesis]] similar to [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]].


''Dermacentor'' ticks may also induce [[tick paralysis]] by elaboration of a neurotoxin that induces rapidly progressive [[flaccid paralysis|flaccid quadriparesis]] similar to [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]. The neurotoxin prevents presynaptic release of acetylcholine from [[neuromuscular junctions]].
*''Rickettsia Ricketsii,'' the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
*''F. tularensis,'' the causative agent of Tularemia.
*''D. variabilis'' may be exposed to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', the causative agent of [[Lyme disease]],<ref name="Holden">{{cite journal |author=Kevin Holden, John T. Boothby, Sulekha Anand & Robert F. Massung |year=2003 |title=Detection of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', ''Ehrlichia chaffeensis'', and ''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'' in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a Coastal Region of California |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=534–9 |doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.534 |pmid=14680123}}</ref> these ticks are not competent [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] for the transmission of this disease.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Joseph Piesman & Christine M. Happ |year=1997 |title=Ability of the Lyme disease spirochete ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' to infect rodents and three species of human-biting ticks (blacklegged tick, American dog tick, lone star tick) (Acari:Ixodidae) |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=451–6 |pmid=9220680 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1997/00000034/00000004/art00012 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/34.4.451}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=F. H. Sanders & J. H. Oliver |year=1995 |title=Evaluation of ''Ixodes scapularis'', ''Amblyomma americanum'', and ''Dermacentor variabilis'' (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia as vectors of a Florida strain of the Lyme disease spirochete, ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=402–426 |pmid=7650697 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1995/00000032/00000004/art00002 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/32.4.402}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stanley W. Mukolwe, A. Alan Kocan, Robert W. Barker, Katherine M. Kocan & George L. Murphy |year=1992 |title=Attempted transmission of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) (JDI strain) by ''Ixodes scapularis'' (Acari: Ixodidae), ''Dermacentor variabilis'', and Amblyomma ''americanum'' |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=673–7 |pmid=1495078 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1992/00000029/00000004/art00016 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/29.4.673}}</ref>


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
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* Disease transmitted: [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]], [[tularemia]]
* Disease transmitted: [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]], [[tularemia]]


<gallery widths=350px>
<gallery widths="350px">


Dermacentor variabilis.jpg | American dog tick (''Dermacentor variabilis'') <br>  [http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/geographic_distribution.html <font size="-2">''Adapted from CDC''</font>]
Dermacentor variabilis.jpg | American dog tick (''Dermacentor variabilis'') <br>  [http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/geographic_distribution.html <font size="-2">''Adapted from CDC''</font>]

Revision as of 16:18, 12 February 2016

style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;"|Dermacentor variabilis
style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;" | Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Subclass: Acari
Superorder: Parasitiformes
Order: Ixodida
Family: Ixodidae
Genus: Dermacentor
Species: D. variabilis
Binomial name
Dermacentor variabilis
(Say, 1821)
Normal range in red; other reports in blue
Normal range in red; other reports in blue

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or Wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia (Francisella tularensis). It is one of the most well-known hard ticks. Diseases are spread when it sucks blood from the host, which could take several days for the host to experience some symptoms.

Transmitted Diseases

Primary organisms as well as corresponding diseases transmitted by Dermacentor variabilis include:

  • Rickettsia Ricketsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
  • F. tularensis, the causative agent of Tularemia.
  • D. variabilis may be exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease,[1] these ticks are not competent vectors for the transmission of this disease.[2][3][4]

Bibliography

  • Piesman J, Sinsky RJ (September 1988). "Ability to Ixodes scapularis, Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) to acquire, maintain, and transmit Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi)". J. Med. Entomol. 25 (5): 336–9. doi:10.1093/jmedent/25.5.336. PMID 3193425.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kevin Holden, John T. Boothby, Sulekha Anand & Robert F. Massung (2003). "Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a Coastal Region of California". J. Med. Entomol. 40 (4): 534–9. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.534. PMID 14680123.
  2. ↑ Joseph Piesman & Christine M. Happ (1997). "Ability of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi to infect rodents and three species of human-biting ticks (blacklegged tick, American dog tick, lone star tick) (Acari:Ixodidae)". J. Med. Entomol. 34 (4): 451–6. doi:10.1093/jmedent/34.4.451. PMID 9220680.
  3. ↑ F. H. Sanders & J. H. Oliver (1995). "Evaluation of Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum, and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia as vectors of a Florida strain of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi". J. Med. Entomol. 32 (4): 402–426. doi:10.1093/jmedent/32.4.402. PMID 7650697.
  4. ↑ Stanley W. Mukolwe, A. Alan Kocan, Robert W. Barker, Katherine M. Kocan & George L. Murphy (1992). "Attempted transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) (JDI strain) by Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum". J. Med. Entomol. 29 (4): 673–7. doi:10.1093/jmedent/29.4.673. PMID 1495078.

External links

Gallery

  • Common name: American dog tick
  • Scientific name: Dermacentor variabilis
  • Reservoir: small rodents (larvae and nymphs); dogs and mammals (adult ticks)
  • Geographic distribution: Rocky Mountains, Pacific Coast
  • Disease transmitted: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia
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