Cyanosis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Cyanosis]] is a bluish or purplish discoloration of [[skin]] and [[Mucous membrane|mucous membranes]]. Two mechanisms involved in the development of [[cyanosis]], Systemic [[Oxygen saturation|arterial oxygen]] desaturation and increased [[oxygen]] [[absorption]] by tissues. [[Cyanosis]] is evident when [[Oxygen saturation|arterial oxygen]] desaturation falls below 85% or the concentration of deoxygenated [[hemoglobin]] (Hb) exceeds 5 gm/dl. Several factors can affect the appearance of [[cyanosis]] includes [[Human skin color|skin pigmentation]], [[Hemoglobin]] (Hb) levels, [[oxygen]] affinity to the [[hemoglobin]] (Hb).
[[Cyanosis]] is a bluish or purplish discoloration of [[skin]] and [[Mucous membrane|mucous membranes]]. Two mechanisms are involved in the development of [[cyanosis]], systemic [[Oxygen saturation|arterial oxygen]] desaturation and increased [[oxygen]] [[absorption]] by tissues. [[Cyanosis]] is evident when [[Oxygen saturation|arterial oxygen]] desaturation falls below 85% or the concentration of deoxygenated [[hemoglobin]] (Hb) exceeds 5 gm/dl. Several factors can affect the appearance of [[cyanosis]] which include: [[Human skin color|skin pigmentation]], [[Hemoglobin]] (Hb) levels, [[oxygen]] affinity to the [[hemoglobin]] (Hb).


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==

Revision as of 12:56, 14 April 2021

Cyanosis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Cyanosis is a bluish or purplish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes. Two mechanisms are involved in the development of cyanosis, systemic arterial oxygen desaturation and increased oxygen absorption by tissues. Cyanosis is evident when arterial oxygen desaturation falls below 85% or the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) exceeds 5 gm/dl. Several factors can affect the appearance of cyanosis which include: skin pigmentation, Hemoglobin (Hb) levels, oxygen affinity to the hemoglobin (Hb).

Pathophysiology

Genetics, Associated Conditions, Gross Pathology, Microscopic Pathology

Hand with cyanosis - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,[17]

For detailed information on the genetics, associated conditions, gross and microscopic pathological features associated with conditions causing cyanosis, click the links below.

References

  1. Blount SG (May 1971). "Cyanosis: pathophysiology and differential diagnosis". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 13 (6): 595–605. PMID 4933007.
  2. GERACI JE, WOOD EH (July 1951). "The relationship of the arterial oxygen saturation to cyanosis". Med. Clin. North Am. 1: 1185–1202. PMID 13098533.
  3. Sarkar M, Niranjan N, Banyal PK (2017). "Mechanisms of hypoxemia". Lung India. 34 (1): 47–60. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.197116. PMC 5234199. PMID 28144061.
  4. Lundsgaard C (September 1919). "STUDIES ON CYANOSIS : I. PRIMARY CAUSES OF CYANOSIS". J. Exp. Med. 30 (3): 259–69. PMC 2126682. PMID 19868357.
  5. Snider HL, Roy TM (October 1988). "Deoxyhaemoglobin concentrations in the detection of central cyanosis". Thorax. 43 (10): 801. PMC 461518. PMID 3206391.
  6. Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP. PMID 29489181. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. Lundsgaard C (September 1919). "STUDIES ON CYANOSIS : II. SECONDARY CAUSES OF CYANOSIS". J. Exp. Med. 30 (3): 271–93. PMC 2126678. PMID 19868358.
  8. Steinhorn RH (September 2008). "Evaluation and management of the cyanotic neonate". Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 9 (3): 169–175. doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2008.06.006. PMC 2598396. PMID 19727322.
  9. Whelan JF (May 1984). "Methemoglobin as a cause of cyanosis". Can Med Assoc J. 130 (10): 1260. PMC 1483499. PMID 6722683.
  10. Ananthakrishna R, Moorthy N, Rao DP, Nanjappa MC (2015). "An adult with central cyanosis and differential pulmonary vascularity". Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 8 (3): 253–4. doi:10.4103/0974-2069.150701. PMC 4608209. PMID 26556978.
  11. Stadie WC (September 1919). "THE OXYGEN OF THE ARTERIAL AND VENOUS BLOOD IN PNEUMONIA AND ITS RELATION TO CYANOSIS". J. Exp. Med. 30 (3): 215–40. PMC 2126679. PMID 19868355.
  12. Bailliard F, Anderson RH (January 2009). "Tetralogy of Fallot". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-2. PMC 2651859. PMID 19144126.
  13. Martins P, Castela E (October 2008). "Transposition of the great arteries". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 3: 27. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-27. PMC 2577629. PMID 18851735.
  14. Jain A, Patel A, Hoppe IC (2016). "Benzocaine-Induced Cyanosis". Eplasty. 16: ic18. PMC 4879862. PMID 27257469.
  15. Baranoski G, Van Leeuwen SR, Chen TF (July 2017). "On the detection of peripheral cyanosis in individuals with distinct levels of cutaneous pigmentation". Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2017: 4260–4264. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2017.8037797. PMID 29060838. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  16. Das S, Maiti A (November 2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.
  17. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17978808