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{{Cryptorchidism}}
{{Cryptorchidism}}


{{CMG}}  
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SME}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both [[testes]] from the [[scrotum]]. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, or descend, during fetal development from an [[abdomen|abdominal]] position, through the [[inguinal canal]], into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common [[birth defect]] of male [[genitalia]]. However, most testes descend by the first year of life (the majority within three months), making the true incidence of cryptorchidism around 1% overall.
Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both [[testes]] from the [[scrotum]]. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, or descend, during fetal development from an [[abdomen|abdominal]] position, through the [[inguinal canal]], into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common [[birth defect]] of male [[genitalia]]. However, most testes descend by the first year of life (the majority within three months), making the true incidence of cryptorchidism around 1% overall.
 
==Historical Perspective==
A testis absent from the normal scrotal position can be:
Cryptorchidism is derived from the Greek words "crypto" (meaning "hidden") and "orchid" (meaning "testicle"). During the last century, cryptorchidism was sometimes restricted to the subset of undescended testes that were not palpable above the scrotum or in the inguinal canal — those that were truly hidden in the [[abdomen]] or completely absent. In recent decades the distinction is no longer made in most contexts, and the two terms are used interchangeably. ''Cryptorchism'' is an older variant of the same term.
#found anywhere along the "path of descent" from high in the posterior (retroperitoneal) abdomen, just below the [[kidney]], to the [[inguinal]] ring;
==Diagnosis==
#found in the inguinal canal;
===History and Symptoms===
#[[''ectopic'']], that is, found to have "wandered" from that path, usually outside the inguinal canal and sometimes even under the skin of the thigh, the [[perineum]], the opposite scrotum, and femoral canal;
There are usually no symptoms, except that the testicle cannot be found in the scrotum (this may be described as an empty scrotum).
#found to be undeveloped (''hypoplastic'') or severely abnormal (''dysgenetic'');
===Physical Examination===
#found to have vanished (also see [[Anorchia]]).
The most common diagnostic dilemma in otherwise normal boys is distinguishing a retractile testis from a [[testis]] that will not/cannot descend spontaneously into the [[scrotum]]. Retractile testes are more common than truly undescended testes and do not need to be operated on. In normal males, as the [[cremaster muscle]] relaxes or contracts, the testis moves lower or higher ("retracts") in the scrotum. This [[cremasteric reflex]] is much more active in infant boys than older men. A retractile testis high in the scrotum can be difficult to distinguish from a position in the lower inguinal canal. Though there are various maneuvers used to do so, such as using a crosslegged position, soaping the examiner's fingers, or examining in a warm bath, the benefit of surgery in these cases can be a matter of clinical judgement.
 
About two thirds of cases without other abnormalities are unilateral; 1/3 involve both testes. In 90% of cases an undescended testis can be ''palpated'' (felt) in the inguinal canal; in a minority the testis or testes are in the abdomen or nonexistent (truly "hidden").
 
Undescended testes are associated with reduced [[fertility]], increased risk of testicular germ cell [[tumors]] and [[psychological]] problems when the boy is grown. Undescended testes are also more susceptible to [[testicular torsion]] and infarction and inguinal hernias. To reduce these risks, undescended testes are usually brought into the scrotum in infancy by a surgical procedure called an [[orchiopexy]].  
 
Although cryptorchidism nearly always refers to ''congenital'' absence or maldescent, a testis observed in the scrotum in early infancy can occasionally "reascend" (move back up) into the inguinal canal. A testis which can readily move or be moved between the scrotum and canal is referred to as ''retractile''.
==References==
==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:11, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saumya Easaw, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, or descend, during fetal development from an abdominal position, through the inguinal canal, into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common birth defect of male genitalia. However, most testes descend by the first year of life (the majority within three months), making the true incidence of cryptorchidism around 1% overall.

Historical Perspective

Cryptorchidism is derived from the Greek words "crypto" (meaning "hidden") and "orchid" (meaning "testicle"). During the last century, cryptorchidism was sometimes restricted to the subset of undescended testes that were not palpable above the scrotum or in the inguinal canal — those that were truly hidden in the abdomen or completely absent. In recent decades the distinction is no longer made in most contexts, and the two terms are used interchangeably. Cryptorchism is an older variant of the same term.

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

There are usually no symptoms, except that the testicle cannot be found in the scrotum (this may be described as an empty scrotum).

Physical Examination

The most common diagnostic dilemma in otherwise normal boys is distinguishing a retractile testis from a testis that will not/cannot descend spontaneously into the scrotum. Retractile testes are more common than truly undescended testes and do not need to be operated on. In normal males, as the cremaster muscle relaxes or contracts, the testis moves lower or higher ("retracts") in the scrotum. This cremasteric reflex is much more active in infant boys than older men. A retractile testis high in the scrotum can be difficult to distinguish from a position in the lower inguinal canal. Though there are various maneuvers used to do so, such as using a crosslegged position, soaping the examiner's fingers, or examining in a warm bath, the benefit of surgery in these cases can be a matter of clinical judgement.

References

Template:WikiDoc Sources