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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Coccidioidomycosis]] was first discovered for the time in 1892 by Alejandro Posadas (a medical student) along with his mentor and they grouped [[coccidioidomycosis]] under [[parasitic]] family. Emmet Rixford and T. Caspar Gilchrist coined the term [[coccidioidomycosis]] (resembling Coccidia) in 1896.  William Ophüls and Herbert C. Moffitt described its [[Dimorphic Fungi|dimorphic nature]] and defined it as a [[fungal]] [[etiology]] in 1900. [[Coccidioides immitis|C.immitis]] was investigated by the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a potential biological weapon. It was never standardized, around beyond a few field trials, it was never weaponized.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
*In 1892, Alejandro Posadas (a medical student) along with his mentor, Robert Wernicke discovered coccidomycosis .
*In 1892, Alejandro Posadas (a medical student) along with his mentor, Robert Wernicke discovered coccidioidomycosis.<ref name="Hirschmann2007">{{cite journal|last1=Hirschmann|first1=J. V.|title=The Early History of Coccidioidomycosis: 1892-1945|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=44|issue=9|year=2007|pages=1202–1207|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1086/513202}}</ref> <ref name="pmid23843703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown J, Benedict K, Park BJ, Thompson GR |title=Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology |journal=Clin Epidemiol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=185–97 |year=2013 |pmid=23843703 |pmc=3702223 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S34434 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1896, Emmet Rixford and T. Caspar Gilchrist coined the term coccidomycosis (resembling Coccidia), they also grouped coccidomycosis under parasitic family.
*In 1900, William Ophüls and Herbert C. Moffitt described its dimorphic nature and defined it as a fungal etiology.
*In 1914, Cooke discovered coccidioidin skin test using precipitin reaction for the first time in diagnosing coccidomycosis.


===Biological Warfare===
*In 1896, Emmet Rixford and T. Caspar Gilchrist coined the term [[coccidioidomycosis]] (resembling Coccidia), they grouped [[coccidioidomycosis]] under parasitic family.
''C. immitis'' was investigated by the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a potential biological weapon. The Cash strain received the military symbol OC, and original hopes were for its use as an incapacitant. As medical epidemiology later made clear, OC would have lethal effects on several segments of the population, so it was later considered a lethal agent. It was never standardized, around beyond a few field trials, it was never weaponized. Most military work on OC was on vaccines by the mid-1960s.
*In 1900, William Ophüls and Herbert C. Moffitt described its [[Dimorphic fungi|dimorphic]] nature and defined it as a fungal etiology.
*In 1914, Cooke discovered coccidioidin skin test using precipitin reaction for the first time in diagnosing [[coccidioidomycosis]].
*In 1929, Ernest Dickson described [[coccidioidomycosis]] as a lethal fungal disease.
*In 1936, Ernest Dickson along with his student Myrnie Gifford discovered that [[coccidioidomycosis]] is the same "[[Coccidioidomycosis|San Joaquin fever]],” “[[Coccidioidomycosis|Desert fever,]]” or “Valley fever" which was considered as a separate entity until then.
*''C. immitis'' was investigated by the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a potential biological weapon. It was never standardized, around beyond a few field trials, it was never weaponized.


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Pulmonology]]
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[[Category:Fungal diseases]]
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[[Category:Biological weapons]]
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[[Category:Mature chapter]]
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
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[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 21:00, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Coccidioidomycosis was first discovered for the time in 1892 by Alejandro Posadas (a medical student) along with his mentor and they grouped coccidioidomycosis under parasitic family. Emmet Rixford and T. Caspar Gilchrist coined the term coccidioidomycosis (resembling Coccidia) in 1896. William Ophüls and Herbert C. Moffitt described its dimorphic nature and defined it as a fungal etiology in 1900. C.immitis was investigated by the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a potential biological weapon. It was never standardized, around beyond a few field trials, it was never weaponized.

Historical Perspective

  • In 1892, Alejandro Posadas (a medical student) along with his mentor, Robert Wernicke discovered coccidioidomycosis.[1] [2]
  • In 1896, Emmet Rixford and T. Caspar Gilchrist coined the term coccidioidomycosis (resembling Coccidia), they grouped coccidioidomycosis under parasitic family.
  • In 1900, William Ophüls and Herbert C. Moffitt described its dimorphic nature and defined it as a fungal etiology.
  • In 1914, Cooke discovered coccidioidin skin test using precipitin reaction for the first time in diagnosing coccidioidomycosis.
  • In 1929, Ernest Dickson described coccidioidomycosis as a lethal fungal disease.
  • In 1936, Ernest Dickson along with his student Myrnie Gifford discovered that coccidioidomycosis is the same "San Joaquin fever,” “Desert fever,” or “Valley fever" which was considered as a separate entity until then.
  • C. immitis was investigated by the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a potential biological weapon. It was never standardized, around beyond a few field trials, it was never weaponized.

References

  1. Hirschmann, J. V. (2007). "The Early History of Coccidioidomycosis: 1892-1945". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 44 (9): 1202–1207. doi:10.1086/513202. ISSN 1058-4838.
  2. Brown J, Benedict K, Park BJ, Thompson GR (2013). "Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology". Clin Epidemiol. 5: 185–97. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S34434. PMC 3702223. PMID 23843703.

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