Chromosome 19 (human): Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox chromosome
| image = Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 19 cropped.png
| caption = Human chromosome 19 pair after [[G banding|G-banding]].<br/>One is from mother, one is from father.
| image2 = Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 19.png
| caption2 = Chromosome 19 pair<br/>in human male [[karyogram]].
| length_bp = 58,617,616 bp<br/>([[GRCh38]])<ref name="National Center for Biotechnology Information 2017">{{cite web | title=Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium | website=National Center for Biotechnology Information | date=2013-12-24 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/grc/human/data?asm=GRCh38 | language=en | accessdate=2017-03-04}}</ref>
| genes = 1,357 ([[Consensus CDS Project|CCDS]])<ref name="CCDS"/>
| type = [[Autosome]]
| centromere_position = [[Centromere#Metacentric|Metacentric]]<ref name="StrachanRead2010">{{cite book|author1=Tom Strachan|author2=Andrew Read|title=Human Molecular Genetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSwWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|date=2 April 2010|publisher=Garland Science|isbn=978-1-136-84407-2|page=45}}</ref><br/>(26.2 Mbp<ref name="850bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.  [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref>)
| ensembl_id = 19
| entrez_id = 19
| ncbi_id = 19
| ucsc_id = 19
| refseq_id = NC_000019
| genbank_id = CM000681
}}
'''Chromosome 19''' is one of the 23 pairs of [[chromosome]]s in [[human]]s. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 58.6 million [[base pair]]s, the building material of [[DNA]].


[[image:Chromosome_19.svg|125px|right]]
==Genes==
 
{{Category see also|Genes on human chromosome 19}}
'''Chromosome 19''' is one of the 23 pairs of [[chromosome]]s in [[human]]s. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 63 million [[base pair]]s (the building material of [[DNA]]) and represents between 2 and 2.5 percent of the total DNA in [[cell (biology)|cells]].
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 19. Because researchers use different approaches to [[genome annotation]] their predictions of the [[number of genes]] on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see [[gene prediction]]). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project ([[Consensus CDS Project|CCDS]]) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.<ref name="pmid20441615">{{cite journal| author=Pertea M, Salzberg SL| title=Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes. | journal=Genome Biol | year= 2010 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 206 | pmid=20441615 | doi=10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206 | pmc=2898077 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20441615  }} </ref>


Identifying [[gene]]s on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 19 likely contains between 1,300 and 1,700 genes.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
| Estimated by || [[Protein-coding genes]] || [[Non-coding RNA|Non-coding RNA gene]]s || [[Pseudogene]]s || Source || Release date
|-
| [[Consensus CDS Project|CCDS]] || 1,357 || - || -
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="CCDS">{{cite web | title=Search results - 19&#91;CHR&#93; AND "Homo sapiens"&#91;Organism&#93; AND ("has ccds"&#91;Properties&#93; AND alive&#91;prop&#93;)  - Gene | website= NCBI |version = CCDS Release 20 for ''Homo sapiens'' | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BChr%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22has%20ccds%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch |date=2016-09-08 | accessdate=2017-05-28}}</ref>
| 2016-09-08
|-
| [[HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|HGNC]]|| 1,372 || 299 || 413
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="HGNC20170512">{{cite web | title=Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 19 | website=HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee | url=http://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/statistics?c=19  |date=2017-05-12 | accessdate=2017-05-19}}</ref>
| 2017-05-12
|-
| [[Ensembl genome database project|Ensembl]] || 1,469 || 894 || 514
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="Ensembl Release 88">{{cite web | title=Chromosome 19: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens | website= Ensembl Release 88 | url=http://mar2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=19 |date=2017-03-29 | accessdate=2017-05-19}}</ref>
| 2017-03-29
|-
| [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] || 1,430 || 604 || 528
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="NCBI coding">{{cite web | title=Search results - 19&#91;CHR&#93; AND "Homo sapiens"&#91;Organism&#93; AND ("genetype protein coding"&#91;Properties&#93; AND alive&#91;prop&#93;)  - Gene | website=NCBI | date=2017-05-19 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch | accessdate=2017-05-20}}</ref><ref name="NCBI noncoding">{{cite web | title=Search results - 19&#91;CHR&#93; AND "Homo sapiens"&#91;Organism&#93; AND ( ("genetype miscrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype ncrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype rrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype trna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype scrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype snrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype snorna"&#91;Properties&#93;) NOT "genetype protein coding"&#91;Properties&#93; AND alive&#91;prop&#93;) - Gene | website=NCBI | date=2017-05-19 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%28%22genetype%20miscrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20ncrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20rrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20trna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20scrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snorna%22%5BProperties%5D%29%20NOT%20%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch | accessdate=2017-05-20}}</ref><ref name="NCBI pseudo">{{cite web | title=Search results - 19&#91;CHR&#93; AND "Homo sapiens"&#91;Organism&#93; AND ("genetype pseudo"&#91;Properties&#93; AND alive&#91;prop&#93;)  - Gene | website=NCBI | date=2017-05-19 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20pseudo%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch | accessdate=2017-05-20}}</ref>
| 2017-05-19
|}


==Genes==
The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 19:
The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 19:
* [[APOE]]: Apolipoprotein E
* [[Alpha-1-B glycoprotein|A1BG]]: encoding [[protein]] Alpha-1-B glycoprotein
* [[BCKDHA]]: Branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide (maple syrup urine disease)
* [[AAVS1]], [[viral integration site]]
* [[DMPK]]: Dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase
* [[ACSBG2]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
* [[GCDH]]: Glutaryl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase
* [[ANKRD24]]: encoding [[protein]] Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 24
* [[HAMP]]: Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide
* [[ARMC6]]: encoding [[protein]] Armadillo repeat-containing protein 6
* [[microcephalin|MCPH2]]: microcephaly, primary autosomal recessive 2
* [[ATG4D]]: encoding [[protein]]  Autophagy related 4D, cysteine peptidase
* [[NOTCH3]]: Notch homolog 3 (Drosophila)
* [[ATP5SL]]: encoding [[protein]] ATP synthase subunit s-like protein
* [[ATPase ASNA1]]: encoding [[enzyme]] ATPase ASNA1 also known as arsenical pump-driving ATPase and arsenite-stimulated ATPase
* [[BTBD14B]]: encoding [[protein]] Nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1
* [[CACTIN]]: encoding [[protein]] Cactin
* [[CCDC130]]: encoding [[protein]] Coiled-coil domain containing 130
* [[CCDC151]]: encoding [[protein]] Coiled-coil domain containing 151
* [[CCDC8]]: encoding [[protein]] Coiled-coil domain containing 8
* [[CCDC94]]: encoding [[protein]] Coiled-coil domain containing 94 (CCDC94),
* [[Deoxyribonuclease ii, lysosomal|DNASE2]]: encoding [[protein]] Deoxyribonuclease II, lysosomal
* [[EID2]]:
* [[Ets variant 2|ETV2]]: encoding [[protein]] Ets variant 2
* [[HCST (gene)|HCST]]: encoding [[protein]] Hematopoietic cell signal transducer
* [[HRC (gene)|HRC]]: encoding [[protein]] Sarcoplasmic reticulum histidine-rich calcium-binding protein
* [[IFI30]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase
* [[Igf like family member 3|IGFL3]]: encoding [[protein]] IGF like family member 3
* [[KRTDAP]]: encoding [[protein]] Keratinocyte differentiation-associated protein
* [[LIM2]]: encoding [[protein]] Lens fiber membrane intrinsic protein
* [[LRG1]]: encoding [[protein]] Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1
* [[LSM4]]: encoding [[protein]] U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm4
* [[LSR (gene)|LSR]]: encoding [[protein]] Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor
* [[Ly6/plaur domain containing 5| LYPD5]]: encoding [[protein]] LY6/PLAUR domain containing 5
* [[MBOAT7]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7
* [[MOBKL2A]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Mps one binder kinase activator-like 2A
* [[MZF1-AS1]]: encoding [[protein]] MZF1 antisense RNA 1
* [[NCLN]]: encoding [[protein]] Nicalin
* [[NFKBID]]: encoding [[protein]] Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor
* [[NOSIP]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Nitric oxide synthase-interacting protein
* [[NWD1]]: NACHT and WD repeat domain containing 1.
* [[Olfactomedin 2|OLFM2]]: encoding [[protein]] Olfactomedin 2
* [[OSCAR (gene)|OSCAR]]: encoding [[protein]] Osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor
* [[PALM]]: encoding [[protein]] Paralemmin
* [[PDCD5]]: encoding [[protein]] Programmed cell death protein 5
* [[Perilipin-4|PLIN4]]: encoding [[protein]] Perilipin 4
* [[PEX11G]]: peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11 gamma
* [[PLVAP]]: encoding [[protein]] Plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein
* [[Proline-rich 12|PRR12]]: encoding [[protein]] Proline-rich 12
* [[PRP36|PRR36 (Proline Rich Region 36)]] encoding [[protein]] PRP36 (Proline Rich Protein 36)
* [[Prostate-specific antigen|KLK3]]: The Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
* [[PRX (gene)|PRX]]: Periaxin
* [[PRX (gene)|PRX]]: Periaxin
* [[PTOV1]]: encoding [[protein]] Prostate tumor overexpressed gene 1 protein
* [[SBNO2]]: encoding [[protein]] Strawberry notch homolog 2 (Drosophila)
* [[SEPW1]]: encoding [[protein]] Selenoprotein W
* [[SFRS14]]: encoding [[protein]] Putative splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 14
* [[SFRS16]]: encoding [[protein]] Splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 16
* [[SLC5A5]]: Solute carrier family 5 (sodium iodide symporter), member 5
* [[SLC5A5]]: Solute carrier family 5 (sodium iodide symporter), member 5
* [[STK11]]: Serine/threonine kinase 11 (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)
* [[STK11]]: Serine/threonine kinase 11 (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)
* [[EYCL1]]: EYE COLOR 1; EYE COLOR, GREEN/BLUE; GEY. Gene map locus 19p13.1-q13.11[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227240]
* [[TBCB]]: encoding [[protein]] Tubulin-folding cofactor B
* [[HCL1]]: HAIR COLOR 1; BROWN HAIR COLOR; BRHC. Gene map locus 19p13.1-q13.11[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=113750]]
* [[TECR]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase
* [[THOP1]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Thimet oligopeptidase
* [[TIMM50]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM50
* [[TIP39]]: encoding [[protein]] Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues
* [[TMED1]]: encoding [[protein]] Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 1
* [[TMEM160]]: encoding [[protein]] Transmembrane protein 160
* [[Transmembrane Protein 205|TMEM205]]: encoding [[protein]] Transmembrane Protein 205
* [[UBXN6]]: encoding [[protein]] UBX domain protein 6
* [[UCA1]]: a [[long non-coding RNA]] Urothelial cancer associated 1
* [[UPK1A]]: encoding [[protein]] Uroplakin-1a
* [[USE1]]: encoding [[protein]] Uncharacterized hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells protein MDS032
* [[Zfp82 zinc finger protein]]: encoding [[protein]] ZFP82 zinc finger protein
* [[Zinc finger and scan domain containing 18|ZSCAN18]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 18
* [[Zinc finger protein 112|ZNF112]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 112
* [[Zinc finger protein 134|ZNF134]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 134
* [[ZNF160]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 160
* [[Zinc finger protein 180|ZNF180]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 180
* [[Zinc finger protein 208|ZNF208]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 208
* [[ZNF224]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 224
* [[ZNF225]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 225
* [[Zinc finger protein 226|ZNF226]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 226
* [[Zinc finger protein 229|ZNF229]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 229
* [[Zinc finger protein 257|ZNF257]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 257
* [[ZNF264]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 264
* [[Zinc finger protein 266|ZNF266]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 266
* [[ZNF274]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 274
* [[ZNF331]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 331
* [[Zinc finger protein 347|ZNF347]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 347
* [[Zinc finger protein 426|ZNF426]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 426
* [[Zinc finger protein 665|ZNF665]] encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 665
* [[ZNF473]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 473
* [[Zinc finger protein 506|ZNF506]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 506
* [[Zinc finger protein 507|ZNF507]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 507
* [[Zinc finger protein 536|ZNF536]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 536
* [[Zinc finger protein 541|ZNF541]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 541
* [[Zinc finger protein 557|ZNF557]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 557
* [[ZNF571]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 571
* [[Zinc finger protein 576|ZNF576]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 576
* [[Zinc finger protein 613]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 613
* [[ZNF649]]: Transcriptional suppressor
* [[ZNF71]]: encoding [[protein]] Endothelial zinc finger protein induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha
* [[Zinc finger protein 737|ZNF737]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 737
* [[Zinc finger protein 749|ZNF749]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 749
* [[ZNF676]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 676
* [[Zinc finger protein 772|ZNF772]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 772
* [[Zinc finger protein 784|ZNF784]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 784
* [[ZNF8]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 8
* [[ZNF83]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 83
* [[Zinc finger protein 878|ZNF878]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 878
* [[Zinc finger protein 880|ZNF880]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 880
 
===Short arm===
 
* [[CACNA1A]]: Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit ([[Familial hemiplegic migraine]] Type I). Gene map locus 19p13
* [[Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein|COMP]]: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Gene map locus 19p13.1
* [[NOTCH3]]: Notch homolog 3 (Drosophila): Gene map locus 19p13.1-p13.2
* [[GCDH]]: Glutaryl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase. Gene map locus 19p13.2
* [[BSG (gene)|BSG]]: Basigin (Ok blood group)/Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer/CD147. Gene map locus 19p13.3
* [[ICAM4]]:  Landsteiner and Weiner glycoprotein. Gene map locus 19p13.3
* [[NRTN]]: Neurturin, associated with [[Hirschsprung's disease]]: Gene locus map 19p13.3
* [[HCL1]]: Hair Colour 1; Brown hair colour; BRHC. Gene map locus 19p13.1-q13.11 {{OMIM3|113750}}
* [[EYCL1]]: Eye Colour 1; Eye colour, green/blue; GEY. Gene map locus 19p13.1-q13.11 {{OMIM3|227240}}
* [[GTPBP3]]: GTP binding protein 3 19p13.11
* [[KLF2]]: Krüppel-like factor 2, also known as Lung Krüppel-like factor. Gene map locus 19p13.11 {{OMIM3|602016}}
* [[FAM32A]]: family with sequence similarity 32 member A 19q13.11
* [[DDX39]]: DExD-box helicase 39. Gene map locus 19p13.12
 
===Long arm===
 
* [[GAPDHS]]: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic 19q13.12
* [[HAMP]]: Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide. Gene map locus 19q13.12 
* [[BCKDHA]]: Branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide ([[maple syrup urine disease]]). Gene map location 19q13.1-q13.2
* [[Apolipoprotein E|APOE]]: Apolipoprotein E, gene associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]]. Gene map locus 19q13.2
* [[CIC (gene)|CIC]]: Capicua transcriptional repressor. Gene map locus 19q13.2
* [[FCGBP]]: Fc fragment of IgG binding protein
* [[SARS2]]: seryl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial. Gene map locus 19q13.2
* [[ATP1A3]]: ATPase. Gene map locus 19q13.31
* [[DMWD (gene)|DMWD]]: DM1 locus, WD repeat containing. Gene map locus 19q13.32
* [[PNMA8A]]: paraneoplastic Ma antigen family member 8A 19q13.32
* [[Myotonin-protein kinase|DMPK]]: Dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase. Gene map locus 19q13.32
* [[GLTSCR2]]: Glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 2 protein 19q13.33
* [[A1BG]]: Plasma glycoprotein, unknown function. Gene map locus 19q13.43
* [[Leukocyte receptor complex|LRC]]: The Leukocyte Receptor Complex is a family of immunoreceptors expressed predominantly on monocytes and B cells and at lower levels on dendritic cells and natural killer ([[Natural killer cell|NK]]) cells. The [[Leukocyte receptor complex|LRC]] also includes the [[Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor|KIR]] locus. Gene map locus 19q13.4 {{OMIM3|604812}}
* KPTN: [[Kaptin (actin binding protein)]] at the tips of stereocilia. Gene map locus 19q13.4<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bearer EL, Chen AF, Chen AH, Li Z, Mark HF, Smith RJ, Jackson CL |title=2E4/Kaptin (KPTN)—a candidate gene for the hearing loss locus, DFNA4 |journal=Ann Hum Genet |year=2000 |pages=189–196 |volume=64 |issue=3 |pmid=11409409 |pmc=3376086 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6430189.x}}</ref>
* [[FUT1]]: The H locus is located on chromosome 19 at 19q13.3. It contains three exons that span more than 5 kb of genomic DNA, and it encodes a fucosyltransferase that produces the H antigen on RBCs.<ref name=Dean05>{{cite book |last=Dean |first=L. |chapter=Ch. 5: The ABO blood group |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/ |title=Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |location=Bethesda MD |year=2005 |id=NBK2261 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2261/}}</ref>
* [[FUT2]]: The Se locus is located on chromosome 19 at 19q13.3. It contains two exons that span about 25 kb of genomic DNA. The Se locus encodes a specific fucosyltransferase that is expressed in the epithelia of secretory tissues, such as salivary glands, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract. The enzyme it encodes catalyzes the production of H antigen.<ref name=Dean05/>
* [[MORT (long non-coding RNA)|MORT]] (Mortal Obligate RNA Transcript, lincRNA): Gene map locus 19q13.43


==Diseases & disorders==
==Diseases and disorders==
The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19:
The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19:<ref>{{cite journal | author=Gilbert F | title=Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 19 | journal=Genet Test | year=1997 | pages=145–9 | volume=1 | issue=2  | pmid=10464639 | doi=10.1089/gte.1997.1.145}}</ref>
* [[Alzheimer disease]]
{{div col |3}}
* [[Alternating hemiplegia of childhood]]
* [[Alzheimer's disease]]
* [[CADASIL]]
* [[CADASIL]]
* [[Centronuclear myopathy]] autosomal dominant form
* [[Centronuclear myopathy]] autosomal dominant form
* [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]]
* [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]]
* [[Congenital hearing loss]]
* [[Congenital hypothyroidism]]
* [[Congenital hypothyroidism]]
* [[Donohue syndrome]]
* [[Familial hemiplegic migraine]]
* [[Glutaric acidemia type 1]]
* [[Glutaric acidemia type 1]]
* [[Hemochromatosis]]
* [[Hemochromatosis]]
* [[HUPRA syndrome]]<ref>{{cite web|title=OMIM Entry - # 613845 - HYPERURICEMIA, PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, RENAL FAILURE, AND ALKALOSIS SYNDROME; HUPRAS|url=https://www.omim.org/entry/613845|website=www.omim.org|accessdate=20 January 2017|language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Leber's Congenital Amaurosis]]<ref>{{cite web|first=K |last=Moss |title=Leber's Congenital Amaurosis |date=Spring 2001 |work=Texas Deafblind Outreach |publisher=Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired |url=http://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/spring01/lebers.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119084909/http://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/spring01/lebers.htm |archivedate=November 19, 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Maple syrup urine disease]]
* [[Maple syrup urine disease]]
* [[Marfan Syndrome]]
* [[Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia]]
* [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
* [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
* [[Centronuclear myopathy|Myotubular myopathy]] autosomal dominant form
* [[Centronuclear myopathy|Myotubular myopathy]] autosomal dominant form
* [[Oligodendroglioma]]
* [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]
* [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]
* [[Prolidase deficiency]]
* [[Pseudoachondroplasia]]
* [[Spinocerebellar ataxia type-6]]
* [[Spinocerebellar ataxia type-6]]
* [[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]] or Bruton's Disease
{{div col end}}
==Cytogenetic band==
{{multiple image
| header = G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 19
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Human chromosome 19 ideogram vertical.svg
| width1 = 216
| height1= 1125
| caption1 = G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 19 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. [[Ensembl]], [[UCSC Genome Browser]]).
| image2 = Human chromosome 19 - 400 550 850 bphs.png
| width2 = 1003
| height2= 2801
| caption2 = G-banding patterns of human chromosome 19 in three different resolutions (400,<ref name="400bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_400_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref> 550<ref name="550bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.  [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_550_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref> and 850<ref name="850bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.  [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref>). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).<ref name="Nomenclature2013">{{cite book|author=International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature|title=ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGCLrh0DIwEC|year=2013|publisher=Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-3-318-02253-7}}</ref> This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the [[Mitosis|mitotic process]].<ref name="SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012">{{cite journal|last1=Sethakulvichai|first1=W.|last2=Manitpornsut|first2=S.|last3=Wiboonrat|first3=M.|last4=Lilakiatsakun|first4=W.|last5=Assawamakin|first5=A.|last6=Tongsima|first6=S.|title=Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images|year=2012|pages=276–282|journal=In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on|doi=10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anunchai_Assawamakin/publication/261304470_Estimation_of_band_level_resolutions_of_human_chromosome_images/links/5459f7ff0cf2cf516483fffd/Estimation-of-band-level-resolutions-of-human-chromosome-images.pdf}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ [[G banding|G-band]]s of human chromosome 19 in resolution 850 bphs<ref>Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.  [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref>
! Chr.
! Arm<ref>"'''p'''": Short arm; "'''q'''": Long arm.</ref>
! Band<ref>For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article [[Locus (genetics)|locus]].</ref>
! ISCN<br/>start<ref name="ISCN">These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). [[Arbitrary unit]].</ref>
! ISCN<br/>stop<ref name="ISCN"/>
! Basepair<br/>start
! Basepair<br/>stop
! Stain<ref>'''gpos''': Region which is positively stained by [[G banding]], generally [[GC-content|AT-rich]] and gene poor; '''gneg''': Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally [[GC-content|CG-rich]] and gene rich; '''acen''' [[Centromere]]. '''var''': Variable region; '''stalk''': Stalk.</ref>
! Density
|-
| 19 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.3 || 0 || 578 || {{val|1|fmt=commas}} || {{val|6900000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 19 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.2 || 578 || 870 || {{val|6900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|12600000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 19 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.13 || 870 || 1034 || {{val|12600001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|13800000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 19 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.12 || 1034 || 1216 || {{val|13800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|16100000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 19 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.11 || 1216 || 1581 || {{val|16100001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|19900000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 19 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 12 || 1581 || 1809 || {{val|19900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|24200000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"| gvar ||
|-
| 19 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 11 || 1809 || 1992 || {{val|24200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|26200000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;"| acen ||
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 11 || 1992 || 2159 || {{val|26200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|28100000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;"| acen ||
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 12 || 2159 || 2372 || {{val|28100001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|31900000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"| gvar ||
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.11 || 2372 || 2569 || {{val|31900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|35100000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.12 || 2569 || 2737 || {{val|35100001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|37800000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.13 || 2737 || 2949 || {{val|37800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|38200000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.2 || 2949 || 3101 || {{val|38200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|42900000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.31 || 3101 || 3193 || {{val|42900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|44700000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.32 || 3193 || 3390 || {{val|44700001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|47500000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.33 || 3390 || 3649 || {{val|47500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|50900000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.41 || 3649 || 3770 || {{val|50900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|53100000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.42 || 3770 || 3938 || {{val|53100001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|55800000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 19 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.43 || 3938 || 4120 || {{val|55800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|58617616|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|}


==References==
==References==
* {{cite journal | author=Gilbert F | title=Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 19 | journal=Genet Test | year=1997 | pages=145-9 | volume=1 | issue=2  | id=PMID 10464639}}
{{reflist}}
* {{cite journal | author=Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, Terry A, Schmutz J, Lamerdin J, Hellsten U, Goodstein D, Couronne O, Tran-Gyamfi M, Aerts A, Altherr M, Ashworth L, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caenepeel S, Carrano A, Caoile C, Chan YM, Christensen M, Cleland CA, Copeland A, Dalin E, Dehal P, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Garcia C, Georgescu AM, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Ho I, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Larionov V, Leem SH, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Malfatti S, Martinez D, McCready P, Medina C, Morgan J, Nelson K, Nolan M, Ovcharenko I, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Popkie AP, Predki P, Quan G, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, She X, Smith D, Slezak T, Solovyev V, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wagner M, Wheeler J, Wu K, Xie G, Yang J, Dubchak I, Furey TS, DeJong P, Dickson M, Gordon D, Eichler EE, Pennacchio LA, Richardson P, Stubbs L, Rokhsar DS, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Lucas SM | title=The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19 | journal=Nature | year=2004 | pages=529-35 | volume=428 | issue=6982  | id=PMID 15057824}}
{{refbegin}}


{{genetics-stub}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors=Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, Terry A, Schmutz J, Lamerdin J, Hellsten U, Goodstein D, Couronne O, Tran-Gyamfi M, Aerts A, Altherr M, Ashworth L, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caenepeel S, Carrano A, Caoile C, Chan YM, Christensen M, Cleland CA, Copeland A, Dalin E, Dehal P, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Garcia C, Georgescu AM, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Ho I, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Larionov V, Leem SH, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Malfatti S, Martinez D, McCready P, Medina C, Morgan J, Nelson K, Nolan M, Ovcharenko I, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Popkie AP, Predki P, Quan G, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, She X, Smith D, Slezak T, Solovyev V, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wagner M, Wheeler J, Wu K, Xie G, Yang J, Dubchak I, Furey TS, DeJong P, Dickson M, Gordon D, Eichler EE, Pennacchio LA, Richardson P, Stubbs L, Rokhsar DS, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Lucas SM | author92-link=Len A. Pennacchio | title=The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19 | journal=Nature | year=2004 | pages=529–35 | volume=428 | issue=6982  | pmid=15057824 | doi=10.1038/nature02399}}
* Human Proteome Project Launch website~ https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163128/http://www.hupo.org/research/hpp/HPP_legrain_sep_2010.pdf
{{refend}}


{{Template:Chromosomes}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Human chromosome 19}}
* {{cite web | author= National Institutes of Health  | title= Chromosome 19 | work= Genetics Home Reference | url= http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=19| accessdate=2017-05-06}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/chromo19.shtml|title=Chromosome 19|website=Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003|access-date=2017-05-06}}


[[Category:Chromosomes]]
{{Chromosomes}}
{{Chromosome genetics}}


[[es:Cromosoma 19 (humano)]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chromosome 19 (Human)}}
[[fr:Chromosome 19 humain]]
[[Category:Chromosomes (human)]]
[[it:Cromosoma 19 (umano)]]
[[Category:Genes on human chromosome 19|*]]
[[hu:Humán 19-es kromoszóma]]
[[no:Kromosom 19]]
[[pt:Cromossoma 19 (humano)]]
[[sr:Хромозом 19 (човек)]]
[[tr:Kromozom 19]]
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Latest revision as of 13:11, 29 November 2017

Chromosome 19 (human)
File:Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 19 cropped.png
Human chromosome 19 pair after G-banding.
One is from mother, one is from father.
File:Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 19.png
Chromosome 19 pair
in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp)58,617,616 bp
(GRCh38)[1]
No. of genes1,357 (CCDS)[2]
TypeAutosome
Centromere positionMetacentric[3]
(26.2 Mbp[4])
Complete gene lists
CCDS?
HGNC?
UniProt?
NCBI?
External map viewers
EnsemblChromosome 19
EntrezChromosome 19
NCBIChromosome 19
UCSCChromosome 19
Full DNA sequences
RefSeqNC_000019 (FASTA)
GenBankCM000681 (FASTA)

Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 58.6 million base pairs, the building material of DNA.

Genes

See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome 19.

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 19. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[5]

Estimated by Protein-coding genes Non-coding RNA genes Pseudogenes Source Release date
CCDS 1,357 - - [2] 2016-09-08
HGNC 1,372 299 413 [6] 2017-05-12
Ensembl 1,469 894 514 [7] 2017-03-29
NCBI 1,430 604 528 [8][9][10] 2017-05-19

The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 19:

Short arm

  • CACNA1A: Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit (Familial hemiplegic migraine Type I). Gene map locus 19p13
  • COMP: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Gene map locus 19p13.1
  • NOTCH3: Notch homolog 3 (Drosophila): Gene map locus 19p13.1-p13.2
  • GCDH: Glutaryl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase. Gene map locus 19p13.2
  • BSG: Basigin (Ok blood group)/Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer/CD147. Gene map locus 19p13.3
  • ICAM4: Landsteiner and Weiner glycoprotein. Gene map locus 19p13.3
  • NRTN: Neurturin, associated with Hirschsprung's disease: Gene locus map 19p13.3
  • HCL1: Hair Colour 1; Brown hair colour; BRHC. Gene map locus 19p13.1-q13.11 OMIM: 113750
  • EYCL1: Eye Colour 1; Eye colour, green/blue; GEY. Gene map locus 19p13.1-q13.11 OMIM: 227240
  • GTPBP3: GTP binding protein 3 19p13.11
  • KLF2: Krüppel-like factor 2, also known as Lung Krüppel-like factor. Gene map locus 19p13.11 OMIM: 602016
  • FAM32A: family with sequence similarity 32 member A 19q13.11
  • DDX39: DExD-box helicase 39. Gene map locus 19p13.12

Long arm

  • GAPDHS: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic 19q13.12
  • HAMP: Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide. Gene map locus 19q13.12
  • BCKDHA: Branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide (maple syrup urine disease). Gene map location 19q13.1-q13.2
  • APOE: Apolipoprotein E, gene associated with Alzheimer's disease. Gene map locus 19q13.2
  • CIC: Capicua transcriptional repressor. Gene map locus 19q13.2
  • FCGBP: Fc fragment of IgG binding protein
  • SARS2: seryl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial. Gene map locus 19q13.2
  • ATP1A3: ATPase. Gene map locus 19q13.31
  • DMWD: DM1 locus, WD repeat containing. Gene map locus 19q13.32
  • PNMA8A: paraneoplastic Ma antigen family member 8A 19q13.32
  • DMPK: Dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase. Gene map locus 19q13.32
  • GLTSCR2: Glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 2 protein 19q13.33
  • A1BG: Plasma glycoprotein, unknown function. Gene map locus 19q13.43
  • LRC: The Leukocyte Receptor Complex is a family of immunoreceptors expressed predominantly on monocytes and B cells and at lower levels on dendritic cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The LRC also includes the KIR locus. Gene map locus 19q13.4 OMIM: 604812
  • KPTN: Kaptin (actin binding protein) at the tips of stereocilia. Gene map locus 19q13.4[11]
  • FUT1: The H locus is located on chromosome 19 at 19q13.3. It contains three exons that span more than 5 kb of genomic DNA, and it encodes a fucosyltransferase that produces the H antigen on RBCs.[12]
  • FUT2: The Se locus is located on chromosome 19 at 19q13.3. It contains two exons that span about 25 kb of genomic DNA. The Se locus encodes a specific fucosyltransferase that is expressed in the epithelia of secretory tissues, such as salivary glands, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract. The enzyme it encodes catalyzes the production of H antigen.[12]
  • MORT (Mortal Obligate RNA Transcript, lincRNA): Gene map locus 19q13.43

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19:[13]

Cytogenetic band

G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 19
File:Human chromosome 19 ideogram vertical.svg
G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 19 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).
File:Human chromosome 19 - 400 550 850 bphs.png
G-banding patterns of human chromosome 19 in three different resolutions (400,[16] 550[17] and 850[4]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).[18] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process.[19]
G-bands of human chromosome 19 in resolution 850 bphs[20]
Chr. Arm[21] Band[22] ISCN
start[23] 		ISCN
stop[23] 		Basepair
start 		Basepair
stop 		Stain[24] Density
19 p 13.3 0 578 1 6,900,000 gneg
19 p 13.2 578 870 6,900,001 12,600,000 gpos 25
19 p 13.13 870 1034 12,600,001 13,800,000 gneg
19 p 13.12 1034 1216 13,800,001 16,100,000 gpos 25
19 p 13.11 1216 1581 16,100,001 19,900,000 gneg
19 p 12 1581 1809 19,900,001 24,200,000 gvar
19 p 11 1809 1992 24,200,001 26,200,000 acen
19 q 11 1992 2159 26,200,001 28,100,000 acen
19 q 12 2159 2372 28,100,001 31,900,000 gvar
19 q 13.11 2372 2569 31,900,001 35,100,000 gneg
19 q 13.12 2569 2737 35,100,001 37,800,000 gpos 25
19 q 13.13 2737 2949 37,800,001 38,200,000 gneg
19 q 13.2 2949 3101 38,200,001 42,900,000 gpos 25
19 q 13.31 3101 3193 42,900,001 44,700,000 gneg
19 q 13.32 3193 3390 44,700,001 47,500,000 gpos 25
19 q 13.33 3390 3649 47,500,001 50,900,000 gneg
19 q 13.41 3649 3770 50,900,001 53,100,000 gpos 25
19 q 13.42 3770 3938 53,100,001 55,800,000 gneg
19 q 13.43 3938 4120 55,800,001 58,617,616 gpos 25

References

  1. ↑ "Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  3. ↑ Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  5. ↑ Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMC 2898077. PMID 20441615.
  6. ↑ "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 19". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  7. ↑ "Chromosome 19: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  8. ↑ "Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  9. ↑ "Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  10. ↑ "Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  11. ↑ Bearer EL, Chen AF, Chen AH, Li Z, Mark HF, Smith RJ, Jackson CL (2000). "2E4/Kaptin (KPTN)—a candidate gene for the hearing loss locus, DFNA4". Ann Hum Genet. 64 (3): 189–196. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6430189.x. PMC 3376086. PMID 11409409.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Dean, L. (2005). "Ch. 5: The ABO blood group". Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Bethesda MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. NBK2261.
  13. ↑ Gilbert F (1997). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 19". Genet Test. 1 (2): 145–9. doi:10.1089/gte.1997.1.145. PMID 10464639.
  14. ↑ "OMIM Entry - # 613845 - HYPERURICEMIA, PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, RENAL FAILURE, AND ALKALOSIS SYNDROME; HUPRAS". www.omim.org. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  15. ↑ Moss, K (Spring 2001). "Leber's Congenital Amaurosis". Texas Deafblind Outreach. Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Archived from the original on November 19, 2013.
  16. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  17. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  18. ↑ International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.
  19. ↑ Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images" (PDF). In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on: 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965.
  20. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  21. ↑ "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
  22. ↑ For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
  24. ↑ gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.
  • Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, Terry A, Schmutz J, Lamerdin J, Hellsten U, Goodstein D, Couronne O, Tran-Gyamfi M, Aerts A, Altherr M, Ashworth L, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caenepeel S, Carrano A, Caoile C, Chan YM, Christensen M, Cleland CA, Copeland A, Dalin E, Dehal P, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Garcia C, Georgescu AM, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Ho I, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Larionov V, Leem SH, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Malfatti S, Martinez D, McCready P, Medina C, Morgan J, Nelson K, Nolan M, Ovcharenko I, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Popkie AP, Predki P, Quan G, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, She X, Smith D, Slezak T, Solovyev V, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wagner M, Wheeler J, Wu K, Xie G, Yang J, Dubchak I, Furey TS, DeJong P, Dickson M, Gordon D, Eichler EE, Pennacchio LA, Richardson P, Stubbs L, Rokhsar DS, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Lucas SM (2004). "The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19". Nature. 428 (6982): 529–35. doi:10.1038/nature02399. PMID 15057824.
  • Human Proteome Project Launch website~ https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163128/http://www.hupo.org/research/hpp/HPP_legrain_sep_2010.pdf

External links

  • National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 19". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
  • "Chromosome 19". Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Chromosome_19_(human)&oldid=1418643"