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***[[Tachycardia]] (> 100 bpm) | ***[[Tachycardia]] (> 100 bpm) | ||
***Decreased [[breath sounds]] and [[crackles]] in the physical exam. | ***Decreased [[breath sounds]] and [[crackles]] in the physical exam. | ||
*[[Echocardiography]] is the | *[[Echocardiography]] is the best test for the diagnosis and assessment of the severity of [[aortic stenosis]].<ref>{{Cite journal | ||
| author = [[Silvia Aguiar Rosa]], [[Luisa Moura Branco]], [[Ana Galrinho]], [[Guilherme Portugal]], [[Joao Abreu]], [[Duarte Cacela]], [[Jose Fragata]] & [[Rui Cruz Ferreira]] | |||
| title = Contribution of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography to the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Low-Flow/Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis | |||
| journal = [[The Journal of heart valve disease]] | |||
| volume = 25 | |||
| issue = 2 | |||
| pages = 130–138 | |||
| year = 2016 | |||
| month = March | |||
| pmid = 27989054 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
*Chest pain caused by aortic dissection [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/CT_scan CT scan], [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/MRI MRI], and [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Transesophageal_echocardiography trans-esophageal echocardiography] have been observed to have similar reliability in the [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Diagnosis diagnosis] of aortic dissection. However, [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/CT CT] and [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/MRI MRI] are preferred [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Modality modality] for:<ref name="pmid16831999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shiga T, Wajima Z, Apfel CC, Inoue T, Ohe Y |title=Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography, helical computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for suspected thoracic aortic dissection: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |issue=13 |pages=1350–6 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16831999 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.13.1350 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8816517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Quint LE, Francis IR, Williams DM, Bass JC, Shea MJ, Frayer DL, Monaghan HM, Deeb GM |title=Evaluation of thoracic aortic disease with the use of helical CT and multiplanar reconstructions: comparison with surgical findings |journal=Radiology |volume=201 |issue=1 |pages=37–41 |date=October 1996 |pmid=8816517 |doi=10.1148/radiology.201.1.8816517 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Assessing the extension and branch involvement in [[aortic dissection]] | |||
**[https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Diagnose Diagnosing] other types of [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_aortic_syndrome acute aortic syndrome] other than dissection as well as [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Trauma traumatic] [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aortic aortic] lesions. | |||
*Diagnosis of [[pulmonary embolism]] based on signs and symptoms is difficult ,however the physician can use the Wells criteria to estimate the patient's likelihood of [[pulmonary embolism]] and accordingly further testing should be performed (e.g., [[d-dimer]] assay, [[Ventilation/perfusion scan|ventilation-perfusion scan]], helical computed tomography of the [[pulmonary arteries]]).<ref name="WellsAnderson2001">{{cite journal|last1=Wells|first1=Philip S.|last2=Anderson|first2=David R.|last3=Rodger|first3=Marc|last4=Stiell|first4=Ian|last5=Dreyer|first5=Jonathan F.|last6=Barnes|first6=David|last7=Forgie|first7=Melissa|last8=Kovacs|first8=George|last9=Ward|first9=John|last10=Kovacs|first10=Michael J.|title=Excluding Pulmonary Embolism at the Bedside without Diagnostic Imaging: Management of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Presenting to the Emergency Department by Using a Simple Clinical Model and d-dimer|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=135|issue=2|year=2001|pages=98|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-135-2-200107170-00010}}</ref><ref name="TamarizEng2004">{{cite journal|last1=Tamariz|first1=Leonardo J.|last2=Eng|first2=John|last3=Segal|first3=Jodi B.|last4=Krishnan|first4=Jerry A.|last5=Bolger|first5=Dennis T.|last6=Streiff|first6=Michael B.|last7=Jenckes|first7=Mollie W.|last8=Bass|first8=Eric B.|title=Usefulness of clinical prediction rules for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism: A systematic review|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=117|issue=9|year=2004|pages=676–684|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.021}}</ref> You can read more about [[diagnostic criteria]] for [[pulmonary embolism]], [[Pulmonary embolism diagnostic criteria|here]]. | *Diagnosis of [[pulmonary embolism]] based on signs and symptoms is difficult ,however the physician can use the Wells criteria to estimate the patient's likelihood of [[pulmonary embolism]] and accordingly further testing should be performed (e.g., [[d-dimer]] assay, [[Ventilation/perfusion scan|ventilation-perfusion scan]], helical computed tomography of the [[pulmonary arteries]]).<ref name="WellsAnderson2001">{{cite journal|last1=Wells|first1=Philip S.|last2=Anderson|first2=David R.|last3=Rodger|first3=Marc|last4=Stiell|first4=Ian|last5=Dreyer|first5=Jonathan F.|last6=Barnes|first6=David|last7=Forgie|first7=Melissa|last8=Kovacs|first8=George|last9=Ward|first9=John|last10=Kovacs|first10=Michael J.|title=Excluding Pulmonary Embolism at the Bedside without Diagnostic Imaging: Management of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Presenting to the Emergency Department by Using a Simple Clinical Model and d-dimer|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=135|issue=2|year=2001|pages=98|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-135-2-200107170-00010}}</ref><ref name="TamarizEng2004">{{cite journal|last1=Tamariz|first1=Leonardo J.|last2=Eng|first2=John|last3=Segal|first3=Jodi B.|last4=Krishnan|first4=Jerry A.|last5=Bolger|first5=Dennis T.|last6=Streiff|first6=Michael B.|last7=Jenckes|first7=Mollie W.|last8=Bass|first8=Eric B.|title=Usefulness of clinical prediction rules for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism: A systematic review|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=117|issue=9|year=2004|pages=676–684|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.021}}</ref> You can read more about [[diagnostic criteria]] for [[pulmonary embolism]], [[Pulmonary embolism diagnostic criteria|here]]. | ||
*The diagnosis of [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|GERD]] is mainly diagnosed based on the presence of [[acidic]] reflux in the [[esophagus]] through the ambulatory [[reflux]] monitoring. | *The diagnosis of [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|GERD]] is mainly diagnosed based on the presence of [[acidic]] reflux in the [[esophagus]] through the ambulatory [[reflux]] monitoring. | ||
Revision as of 01:52, 5 March 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aisha Adigun, B.Sc., M.D.[2]
Overview
Diagnostic Study of Choice
- According to the suspected etiology of the chest pain:
- There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of chest pain caused by acute coronary syndrome, however ECG and cardiac enzymes are the most important initial test, Guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) suggest the ECG be obtained and interpreted within 10 minutes of patient presentation in the ED.[1][2][3]
- The following result of ECG is confirmatory of Myocardial infarction in addition to the Pain described as a substernal pressure or crushing sensation radiated to the left arm, neck and/or jaw:
- ST- T wave changes, OR
- New LBBB, OR
- New Q wave
- The following result of ECG is confirmatory of Myocardial infarction in addition to the Pain described as a substernal pressure or crushing sensation radiated to the left arm, neck and/or jaw:
- There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of chest pain caused by acute coronary syndrome, however ECG and cardiac enzymes are the most important initial test, Guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) suggest the ECG be obtained and interpreted within 10 minutes of patient presentation in the ED.[1][2][3]
- Chest pain caused by pericarditis:[4]
- ECG is recommended in all patients with suspected acute pericarditis.
- Transthoracic echocardiography is recommended in all patients with suspected acute pericarditis.
- Chest X-ray is recommended in all patients with suspected acute pericarditis.
- Assessment of markers of inflammation (i.e. CRP) and myocardial injury (i.e. CK, troponin) is recommended in patients with suspected acute pericarditis. read more about recommendations for the general diagnostic work-up of pericardial diseases,here.
- Chest X-ray is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of pneumothorax or pneumonia.[5] You can read more about diagnostic criteria for severe community acquired pneumonia in adults, here.
- Order a chest X-ray if the patient presents with any of the following:
- Fever (>37.8° C / 100° F)
- Tachypnea (> 20 breaths/min)
- Tachycardia (> 100 bpm)
- Decreased breath sounds and crackles in the physical exam.
- Order a chest X-ray if the patient presents with any of the following:
- Echocardiography is the best test for the diagnosis and assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis.[6]
- Chest pain caused by aortic dissection CT scan, MRI, and trans-esophageal echocardiography have been observed to have similar reliability in the diagnosis of aortic dissection. However, CT and MRI are preferred modality for:[7][8]
- Assessing the extension and branch involvement in aortic dissection
- Diagnosing other types of acute aortic syndrome other than dissection as well as traumatic aortic lesions.
- Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism based on signs and symptoms is difficult ,however the physician can use the Wells criteria to estimate the patient's likelihood of pulmonary embolism and accordingly further testing should be performed (e.g., d-dimer assay, ventilation-perfusion scan, helical computed tomography of the pulmonary arteries).[9][10] You can read more about diagnostic criteria for pulmonary embolism, here.
- The diagnosis of GERD is mainly diagnosed based on the presence of acidic reflux in the esophagus through the ambulatory reflux monitoring.
References
- ↑ "2012 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACCF/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 127 (23): e663–e828. 2013. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828478ac. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Jneid H, Anderson JL, Wright RS, Adams CD, Bridges CR, Casey DE; et al. (2012). "2012 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline and replacing the 2011 focused update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. 60 (7): 645–81. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.004. PMID 22809746.
- ↑ Montalescot, G.; Sechtem, U.; Achenbach, S.; Andreotti, F.; Arden, C.; Budaj, A.; Bugiardini, R.; Crea, F.; Cuisset, T.; Di Mario, C.; Ferreira, J. R.; Gersh, B. J.; Gitt, A. K.; Hulot, J.-S.; Marx, N.; Opie, L. H.; Pfisterer, M.; Prescott, E.; Ruschitzka, F.; Sabate, M.; Senior, R.; Taggart, D. P.; van der Wall, E. E.; Vrints, C. J. M.; Zamorano, J. L.; Achenbach, S.; Baumgartner, H.; Bax, J. J.; Bueno, H.; Dean, V.; Deaton, C.; Erol, C.; Fagard, R.; Ferrari, R.; Hasdai, D.; Hoes, A. W.; Kirchhof, P.; Knuuti, J.; Kolh, P.; Lancellotti, P.; Linhart, A.; Nihoyannopoulos, P.; Piepoli, M. F.; Ponikowski, P.; Sirnes, P. A.; Tamargo, J. L.; Tendera, M.; Torbicki, A.; Wijns, W.; Windecker, S.; Knuuti, J.; Valgimigli, M.; Bueno, H.; Claeys, M. J.; Donner-Banzhoff, N.; Erol, C.; Frank, H.; Funck-Brentano, C.; Gaemperli, O.; Gonzalez-Juanatey, J. R.; Hamilos, M.; Hasdai, D.; Husted, S.; James, S. K.; Kervinen, K.; Kolh, P.; Kristensen, S. D.; Lancellotti, P.; Maggioni, A. P.; Piepoli, M. F.; Pries, A. R.; Romeo, F.; Ryden, L.; Simoons, M. L.; Sirnes, P. A.; Steg, P. G.; Timmis, A.; Wijns, W.; Windecker, S.; Yildirir, A.; Zamorano, J. L. (2013). "2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: The Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology". European Heart Journal. 34 (38): 2949–3003. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht296. ISSN 0195-668X.
- ↑ Tomkowski, Witold; Swedberg, Karl; Seferovic, Petar; Sabaté Tenas, Manel; Ristić, Arsen D; Pavie, Alain; Mayosi, Bongani; Maisch, Bernhard; Lionis, Christos; Klingel, Karin; Gueret, Pascal; Brucato, Antonio; Bogaert, Jan; Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo; Badano, Luigi; Imazio, Massimo; Charron, Philippe; Adler, Yehuda; Achenbach, Stephan; Agewall, Stefan; Al-Attar, Nawwar; Angel Ferrer, Juan; Arad, Michael; Asteggiano, Riccardo; Bueno, Héctor; Caforio, Alida L P; Carerj, Scipione; Ceconi, Claudio; Evangelista, Arturo; Flachskampf, Frank; Giannakoulas, George; Gielen, Stephan; Habib, Gilbert; Kolh, Philippe; Lambrinou, Ekaterini; Lancellotti, Patrizio; Lazaros, George; Linhart, Ales; Meurin, Philippe; Nieman, Koen; Piepoli, Massimo F; Price, Susanna; Roos-Hesselink, Jolien; Roubille, François; Ruschitzka, Frank; Sagristà Sauleda, Jaume; Sousa-Uva, Miguel; Uwe Voigt, Jens; Luis Zamorano, Jose; Zamorano, Jose Luis; Aboyans, Victor; Achenbach, Stephan; Agewall, Stefan; Badimon, Lina; Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo; Baumgartner, Helmut; Bax, Jeroen J; Bueno, Héctor; Carerj, Scipione; Dean, Veronica; Erol, Çetin; Fitzimons, Donna; Gaemperli, Oliver; Kirchhof, Paulus; Kolh, Philippe; Lancellotti, Patrizio; Lip, Gregory YH; Nihoyannopoulos, Petros; Piepoli, Massimo F; Ponikowski, Piotr; Roffi, Marco; Torbicki, Adam; Vaz Carneiro, Antonio; Windecker, Stephan; Shuka, Naltin; Sisakian, Hamayak; Mascherbauer, Julia; Isayev, Elnur; Shumavets, Vadim; Van Camp, Guy; Gatzov, Plamen; Hanzevacki, Jadranka Separovic; Moustra, Hera Heracleous; Linhart, Ales; Møller, Jacob Eifer; Aboleineen, Mohamed Wafaie; Põder, Pentti; Lehtonen, Jukka; Antov, Slobodan; Damy, Thibaud; Schieffer, Bernhard; Dimitriadis, Kyriakos; Kiss, Robert Gabor; Rafnsson, Arnar; Arad, Michael; Novo, Salvatore; Mirrakhimov, Erkin; Stradinš, Peteris; Kavoliuniene, Ausra; Codreanu, Andrei; Dingli, Philip; Vataman, Eleonora; El Hattaoui, Mustapaha; Samstad, Stein Olav; Hoffman, Piotr; Lopes, Luís Rocha; Dimulescu, Doina Ruxandra; Arutyunov, Grigory P; Pavlovic, Milan; Dúbrava, Juraj; Sauleda, Jaume Sagristà; Andersson, Bert; Müller, Hajo; Bouma, Berto J; Abaci, Adnan; Archbold, Andrew; Nesukay, Elena (2015). "2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases". European Heart Journal. 36 (42): 2921–2964. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318. ISSN 0195-668X.
- ↑ Mandell, Lionel A.; Wunderink, Richard G.; Anzueto, Antonio; Bartlett, John G.; Campbell, G. Douglas; Dean, Nathan C.; Dowell, Scott F.; File, Thomas M.; Musher, Daniel M.; Niederman, Michael S.; Torres, Antonio; Whitney, Cynthia G. (2007). "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 44 (Supplement_2): S27–S72. doi:10.1086/511159. ISSN 1537-6591.
- ↑ Silvia Aguiar Rosa, Luisa Moura Branco, Ana Galrinho, Guilherme Portugal, Joao Abreu, Duarte Cacela, Jose Fragata & Rui Cruz Ferreira (2016). "Contribution of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography to the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Low-Flow/Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis". The Journal of heart valve disease. 25 (2): 130–138. PMID 27989054. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Shiga T, Wajima Z, Apfel CC, Inoue T, Ohe Y (July 2006). "Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography, helical computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for suspected thoracic aortic dissection: systematic review and meta-analysis". Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (13): 1350–6. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.13.1350. PMID 16831999.
- ↑ Quint LE, Francis IR, Williams DM, Bass JC, Shea MJ, Frayer DL, Monaghan HM, Deeb GM (October 1996). "Evaluation of thoracic aortic disease with the use of helical CT and multiplanar reconstructions: comparison with surgical findings". Radiology. 201 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1148/radiology.201.1.8816517. PMID 8816517.
- ↑ Wells, Philip S.; Anderson, David R.; Rodger, Marc; Stiell, Ian; Dreyer, Jonathan F.; Barnes, David; Forgie, Melissa; Kovacs, George; Ward, John; Kovacs, Michael J. (2001). "Excluding Pulmonary Embolism at the Bedside without Diagnostic Imaging: Management of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Presenting to the Emergency Department by Using a Simple Clinical Model and d-dimer". Annals of Internal Medicine. 135 (2): 98. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-135-2-200107170-00010. ISSN 0003-4819.
- ↑ Tamariz, Leonardo J.; Eng, John; Segal, Jodi B.; Krishnan, Jerry A.; Bolger, Dennis T.; Streiff, Michael B.; Jenckes, Mollie W.; Bass, Eric B. (2004). "Usefulness of clinical prediction rules for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism: A systematic review". The American Journal of Medicine. 117 (9): 676–684. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.021. ISSN 0002-9343.