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==Overview==
==Overview==
In 400 BC, Hippocrates referred to cervical cancer as cancer of the [[uterus]], it was little known about cervical cancer until the Rennaissance era. In 1842, an Italian physician named Rigoni-stern noticed that cancer of the [[cervix]] prevalence was high among married and widowed women and low or rare among the unmarried women and absent in Italian nuns.
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
* 400 BCE - [[Hippocrates]] noted that cervical cancer was incurable
*In 400 BC, Hippocrates referred to cervical cancer as cancer of the uterus which should be left untreated since there is no cure for it.<ref name="pmid23365496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nor Hayati O |title=Cancer of the cervix - from bleak past to bright future; a review, with an emphasis on cancer of the cervix in malaysia |journal=Malays J Med Sci |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=13–26 |date=January 2003 |pmid=23365496 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Di LonardoNasi2015">{{cite journal|last1=Di Lonardo|first1=Anna|last2=Nasi|first2=Sergio|last3=Pulciani|first3=Simonetta|title=Cancer: We Should Not Forget The Past|journal=Journal of Cancer|volume=6|issue=1|year=2015|pages=29–39|issn=1837-9664|doi=10.7150/jca.10336}}</ref>  
*[[Epidemiology|Epidemiologists]] working in the early 20th century noted that cervical cancer behaved like a sexually transmitted disease.
*In 1842, an Italian physician named Rigoni-stern noticed that cancer of the [[cervix]] prevalence was high among married and widowed women and low or rare among the unmarried women and absent in Italian nuns.<ref name="pmid233654962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nor Hayati O |title=Cancer of the cervix - from bleak past to bright future; a review, with an emphasis on cancer of the cervix in malaysia |journal=Malays J Med Sci |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=13–26 |date=January 2003 |pmid=23365496 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
:* In summary:
*In 1941, The [[Papanicolaou smear]], a routine screening test for cervical cancer, proved by George Nicholaus Papanicolaou.<ref name="pmid9491881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vilos GA |title=The history of the Papanicolaou smear and the odyssey of George and Andromache Papanicolaou |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=479–83 |date=March 1998 |pmid=9491881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Michalas2000">{{cite journal|last1=Michalas|first1=Stylianos P.|title=The Pap test: George N. Papanicolaou (1883–1962)|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=90|issue=2|year=2000|pages=135–138|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/S0301-2115(00)00260-8}}</ref>
::* Cervical cancer was noted to be common in female [[sex worker]]s.
*In 1970s, Harold zur Hausen, a German physician, first discovered that infection with [[papillomavirus]] is cause of cervical cancer, his research included [[HPV]] types 16 and 18 as main cause of increased risk for cervical [[neoplasia]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182862aab.}}</ref><ref name="pmid20111660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nour NM |title=Cervical cancer: a preventable death |journal=Rev Obstet Gynecol |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=240–4 |date=2009 |pmid=20111660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
::* It was rare in [[nun]]s, except for those who had been sexually active before entering the convent. (Rigoni in 1841)
*In 2006, first [[HPV]] vaccine was approved by [[FDA]] . <ref name="KellyLeader2009">{{cite journal|last1=Kelly|first1=Bridget J.|last2=Leader|first2=Amy E.|last3=Mittermaier|first3=Danielle J.|last4=Hornik|first4=Robert C.|last5=Cappella|first5=Joseph N.|title=The HPV vaccine and the media: How has the topic been covered and what are the effects on knowledge about the virus and cervical cancer?|journal=Patient Education and Counseling|volume=77|issue=2|year=2009|pages=308–313|issn=07383991|doi=10.1016/j.pec.2009.03.018}}</ref>  
::* It was more common in the second wives of men whose first wives had died from cervical cancer.
::* It was rare in Jewish women.<ref name="pmid12674663">{{cite journal | author = Menczer J | title = The low incidence of cervical cancer in Jewish women: has the puzzle finally been solved? | journal = Isr. Med. Assoc. J. | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 120–3 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12674663 | doi = | url = http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar03feb-11.pdf | format = PDF }}</ref>
::* In 1935, Syverton and Berry discovered a relationship between RPV (Rabbit Papillomavirus) and skin cancer in [[rabbit]]s. (HPV is species-specific and therefore cannot be transmitted to rabbits){{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
::* These historical observations suggested that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s attributed cervical cancer to [[smegma]] (e.g. Heins ''et al.'' 1958).<ref name = "Heins1958">{{cite journal | author = Heins HC, Dennis EJ, Pratthomas HR | title = The possible role of smegma in carcinoma of the cervix | journal = American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology | volume = 76 | issue = 4 | pages = 726–33 | year = 1958 | pmid = 13583012 | doi = }}</ref>
::* 1925 - [[Hans Hinselmann|Hinselmann]] invented the [[colposcope]]
::* 1928 - [[Georgios Papanikolaou|Papanicolaou]] developed the Papanicolaou technique
::* 1941 - Papanicolaou and Trout: [[Pap smear]] screening began
::* 1946 - [[Aylesbury spatula]] was developed to scrape the cervix, collecting the sample for the Pap smear
::* 1951 - First successful in-vitro cell line, [[HeLa]], derived from biopsy of cervical cancer of [[Henrietta Lacks]]A description of [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV) by [[electron microscopy]] was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} It was not until the 1980s that HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue.<ref name="pmid6304740">{{cite journal | author = Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H | title = A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 80 | issue = 12 | pages = 3812–5 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6304740 | pmc = 394142 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3812 }}.</ref>  
::* 1976 - [[Harald zur Hausen]] and Gisam found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and genital warts; Hausen later won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] for his work<ref name="zur
:: Hausen2002">{{cite journal|last1=zur Hausen|first1=Harald|title=Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application|journal=Nature Reviews Cancer|volume=2|issue=5|year=2002|pages=342–350|issn=14741768|doi=10.1038/nrc798}}</ref>
::* During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with [[herpes simplex virus]] was the cause of the disease. In summary, [[Herpes simplex virus|HSV]] was seen as a likely cause because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status.<ref name="pmid4352386">{{cite journal | author = Alexander ER | title = Possible Etiologies of Cancer of the Cervix Other Than Herpesvirus | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1485–90 | year = 1973 | pmid = 4352386 }}</ref> Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including [[Burkitt's lymphoma]], [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Marek's disease]] and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells.
:: It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers.<ref name="pmid16670757">{{cite journal | author = Lowy DR, Schiller JT | title = Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 116 | issue = 5 | pages = 1167–73 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16670757 | pmc = 1451224 | doi = 10.1172/JCI28607 }}</ref> Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others.
:: In work that was initiated in the mid 1980s, the HPV vaccine was developed, in parallel, by researchers at [[Georgetown University]] Medical Center, the [[University of Rochester]], the [[University of Queensland]] in Australia, and the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]].<ref>
:: {{cite journal | author = McNeil C | title = Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines? | journal = J. Natl. Cancer Inst. | volume = 98 | issue = 7 | pages = 433 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16595773 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djj144 }} PMID 16595773</ref>  
::* 1988 - [[Bethesda System]] for reporting Pap results was developed
::* 2006 - First [[HPV vaccine]] FDA was approved
:: In 2006, the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved the first preventive HPV vaccine, marketed by [[Merck & Co.]] under the trade name Gardasil.
 
==References==
==References==
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{{reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 20:51, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nima Nasiri, M.D.[2]

Overview

In 400 BC, Hippocrates referred to cervical cancer as cancer of the uterus, it was little known about cervical cancer until the Rennaissance era. In 1842, an Italian physician named Rigoni-stern noticed that cancer of the cervix prevalence was high among married and widowed women and low or rare among the unmarried women and absent in Italian nuns.

Historical Perspective

  • In 400 BC, Hippocrates referred to cervical cancer as cancer of the uterus which should be left untreated since there is no cure for it.[1][2]
  • In 1842, an Italian physician named Rigoni-stern noticed that cancer of the cervix prevalence was high among married and widowed women and low or rare among the unmarried women and absent in Italian nuns.[3]
  • In 1941, The Papanicolaou smear, a routine screening test for cervical cancer, proved by George Nicholaus Papanicolaou.[4][5]
  • In 1970s, Harold zur Hausen, a German physician, first discovered that infection with papillomavirus is cause of cervical cancer, his research included HPV types 16 and 18 as main cause of increased risk for cervical neoplasia.[6][7]
  • In 2006, first HPV vaccine was approved by FDA . [8]

References

  1. Nor Hayati O (January 2003). "Cancer of the cervix - from bleak past to bright future; a review, with an emphasis on cancer of the cervix in malaysia". Malays J Med Sci. 10 (1): 13–26. PMID 23365496.
  2. Di Lonardo, Anna; Nasi, Sergio; Pulciani, Simonetta (2015). "Cancer: We Should Not Forget The Past". Journal of Cancer. 6 (1): 29–39. doi:10.7150/jca.10336. ISSN 1837-9664.
  3. Nor Hayati O (January 2003). "Cancer of the cervix - from bleak past to bright future; a review, with an emphasis on cancer of the cervix in malaysia". Malays J Med Sci. 10 (1): 13–26. PMID 23365496.
  4. Vilos GA (March 1998). "The history of the Papanicolaou smear and the odyssey of George and Andromache Papanicolaou". Obstet Gynecol. 91 (3): 479–83. PMID 9491881.
  5. Michalas, Stylianos P. (2000). "The Pap test: George N. Papanicolaou (1883–1962)". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 90 (2): 135–138. doi:10.1016/S0301-2115(00)00260-8. ISSN 0301-2115.
  6. . doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182862aab. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. Nour NM (2009). "Cervical cancer: a preventable death". Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2 (4): 240–4. PMID 20111660.
  8. Kelly, Bridget J.; Leader, Amy E.; Mittermaier, Danielle J.; Hornik, Robert C.; Cappella, Joseph N. (2009). "The HPV vaccine and the media: How has the topic been covered and what are the effects on knowledge about the virus and cervical cancer?". Patient Education and Counseling. 77 (2): 308–313. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.03.018. ISSN 0738-3991.

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