Cardiovascular biochemistry

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Template:Diphenol family oxidoreductases

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v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list)

v t e Oxidoreductases: alcohol oxidoreductases (EC 1.1)
1.1.1: NAD/NADP acceptor	3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Aldo-keto reductase 1A1 1B1 1B10 1C1 1C3 1C4 7A2 Aldose reductase Beta-Ketoacyl ACP reductase Carbohydrate dehydrogenases Carnitine dehydrogenase D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) DXP reductoisomerase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HMG-CoA reductase IMP dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase L-threonine dehydrogenase L-xylulose reductase Malate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Sorbitol dehydrogenase Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 3β 3β-HSD NSDHL 11β 11β-HSD1 11β-HSD2 17β
1.1.2: cytochrome acceptor	D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) Mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
1.1.3: oxygen acceptor	Glucose oxidase L-gulonolactone oxidase Xanthine oxidase
1.1.4: disulfide as acceptor	Vitamin K epoxide reductase Vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive)
1.1.5: quinone/similar acceptor	Malate dehydrogenase (quinone) Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase
1.1.99: other acceptors	Choline dehydrogenase L2HGDH

v t e Aldehyde/oxo oxidoreductases (EC 1.2)
1.2.1: NAD or NADP	Aldehyde dehydrogenase Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase
1.2.2: cytochrome	Formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
1.2.3: oxygen	Aldehyde oxidase
1.2.4: disulfide	Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Pyruvate dehydrogenase Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex BCKDHA BCKDHB DBT DLD
1.2.7: iron-sulfur protein	Pyruvate synthase

v t e Oxidoreductases: CH–CH oxidoreductases (EC 1.3)
1.3.1: NAD/NADP acceptor	Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase/Enoyl ACP reductase 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase Biliverdin reductase 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase Dihydroxymethyloxo-tetrahydroquinoline dehydrogenase
1.3.3: Oxygen acceptor	Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Bilirubin oxidase Acyl-CoA oxidase Dihydrouracil oxidase Tetrahydroberberine oxidase Secologanin synthase Tryptophan alpha,beta-oxidase Pyrroloquinoline-quinone synthase L-galactonolactone oxidase
1.3.5: Quinone	Succinate dehydrogenase SDHA SDHB SDHC SDHD
1.3.99: Other acceptors	Fumarate reductase Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Acyl CoA dehydrogenase ACADSB ACADS 5α-reductase SRD5A1 SRD5A2 SRD5A3 Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase 3-oxo-5beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase

v t e CH-NH₂ oxidoreductases (EC 1.4) - primarily amino acid oxidoreductases
1.4.1: NAD/NADP acceptor	Glutamate dehydrogenase GLUD1 GLUD2 Glutamate synthase (NADPH)
1.4.3: oxygen acceptor	D-amino acid oxidase Amine oxidase (Copper-containing (Lysyl Diamine Primary-amine)) (Flavin-containing (Monoamine)))
1.4.4: disulfide acceptor	Glycine cleavage system
1.4.99: other acceptors	D-amino acid dehydrogenase Amine dehydrogenase

v t e Oxidoreductases: CH-NH (EC 1.5)
1.5.1: NAD or NADP acceptor	Dihydrofolate reductase Saccharopine dehydrogenase Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
1.5.3: oxygen acceptor	Dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase Sarcosine oxidase Proline oxidase
1.5.5: quinone acceptor	Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
1.5.99	Sarcosine dehydrogenase Cytokinin dehydrogenase

v t e Oxidoreductases: NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6)
1.6.1: NAD/NADP	NAD(P)⁺ transhydrogenase (Si-specific) NAD(P)⁺ transhydrogenase (Re/Si-specific)
1.6.2: Heme	Methemoglobin reductase NADPH—hemoprotein reductase/Cytochrome P450 reductase NADPH—cytochrome-c2 reductase Leghemoglobin reductase
1.6.3: Oxygen	NADPH oxidase P91-PHOX Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 Neutrophil cytosolic factor 4 dual oxidase Dual oxidase 1 Dual oxidase 2
1.6.5: Quinone or similar	NADH dehydrogenase
1.6.6: Nitrogenous group	Trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase
1.6.99: other	NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)

v t e Oxidoreductases: nitrogenous donor (EC 1.7)
1.7.1	GMP reductase
1.7.2	Nitrite reductase (NO-forming)
1.7.3	Urate oxidase
1.7.7	Ferredoxin—nitrite reductase
1.7.99	Hydroxylamine reductase

v t e Oxidoreductases: sulfur oxidoreductases (EC 1.8)
1.8.1: NAD or NADP	Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Glutathione reductase Thioredoxin reductase
1.8.2: cytochrome	Sulfite dehydrogenase Thiosulfate dehydrogenase
1.8.3: oxygen	Sulfite oxidase
1.8.4: disulfide	Glutathione—homocystine transhydrogenase
1.8.5: quinone	Glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate)
1.8.98: Other, known	CoB—CoM heterodisulfide reductase
1.8.99: Other	Sulfite reductase

v t e Oxidoreductases: peroxidases (EC 1.11)
1.11.1.1-14	NADH peroxidase NADPH peroxidase Fatty-acid peroxidase Catalase Cytochrome c peroxidase Eosinophil peroxidase Glutathione peroxidase GPX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Horseradish peroxidase Lactoperoxidase Myeloperoxidase Thyroid peroxidase Deiodinase Iodothyronine deiodinase Iodotyrosine deiodinase
1.11.1.15 (peroxiredoxin)	1 2 3 4 5 6

v t e Oxidoreductases: monooxygenases (EC 1.13)
1.13.11: two atoms of oxygen	lipoxygenase: Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase/ALOX12 Arachidonate 8-lipoxygenase Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase/ALOX15 Linoleate 11-lipoxygenase other dioxygenase: Catechol dioxygenase Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase Cysteine dioxygenase 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Chlorite dismutase
1.13.12: one atom of oxygen	Firefly luciferase
1.13.99: other	Inositol oxygenase

v t e Oxidoreductases: dioxygenases, including steroid hydroxylases (EC 1.14)
1.14.11: 2-oxoglutarate	Prolyl hydroxylase Lysyl hydroxylase
1.14.13: NADH or NADPH	Flavin-containing monooxygenase FMO1 FMO2 FMO3 FMO4 FMO5 Nitric oxide synthase NOS1 NOS2 NOS3 Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase Methane monooxygenase 3A4 Lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase 24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
1.14.14: reduced flavin or flavoprotein	19A1 2D6 2E1
1.14.15: reduced iron-sulfur protein	11B1 11B2 11A1
1.14.16: reduced pteridine (BH4 dependent)	Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine hydroxylase Tryptophan hydroxylase
1.14.17: reduced ascorbate	Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
1.14.18-19: other	Tyrosinase Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
1.14.99 - miscellaneous	Cyclooxygenase Heme oxygenase (HMOX1) Squalene monooxygenase 17A1 21A2

v t e Other oxidoreductases (EC 1.15-1.21)
1.15: Acting on superoxide as acceptor	Superoxide dismutase SOD1 SOD2 SOD3
1.16: Oxidizing metal ions	Ceruloplasmin
1.17: Acting on CH or CH2 groups	Xanthine oxidase Ribonucleotide reductase 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase
1.18: Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors	Nitrogenase
1.19: Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor	Nitrogenase (flavodoxin)
1.20: Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors	Glutaredoxin GLRX GLRX2 GLRX3 GLRX5
1.21: Acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond	Isopenicillin N synthase Columbamine oxidase Reticuline oxidase Sulochrin oxidase (+)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming (-)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming Aureusidin synthase Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase Cannabidiolic acid synthase Dichlorochromopyrrolate synthase

v t e Transferase: one carbon transferases (EC 2.1)
2.1.1 - Methyltransferases	5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase/Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase - Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase - Catechol-O-methyl transferase - Histamine N-methyltransferase - Homocysteine methyltransferase - 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase - Phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase - Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase - DNMT3B - Histone methyltransferase - Thymidylate synthase - Tryptamine N-methyltransferase - DNA methyltransferase
2.1.2 - Hydroxy methyl-, Formyl- and Related Transferases	Serine hydroxymethyltransferase - Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase - Inosine monophosphate synthase - Glutamate formimidoyltransferase - Aminomethyltransferase
2.1.3 - Carboxy- and Carbamoyl transferases	Ornithine transcarbamylase
2.1.4 - Amidino transferases	Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

v t e Transferases: acyltransferases (EC 2.3)
2.3.1: other than amino-acyl groups	acetyltransferases: Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase N-Acetylglutamate synthase Choline acetyltransferase Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase Beta-galactoside transacetylase Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase N-acetyltransferase Serotonin N-acetyl transferase HGSNAT ARD1A Histone acetyltransferase P300/CBP NAT2 palmitoyltransferases: Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase CPT1 CPT2 Serine C-palmitoyltransferase SPTLC1 SPTLC2 other: Acyltransferase like 2 Aminolevulinic acid synthase Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase Glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase Lecithin—cholesterol acyltransferase Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5
2.3.2: Aminoacyltransferases	Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase Peptidyl transferase Transglutaminase Tissue transglutaminase Keratinocyte transglutaminase Factor XIII
2.3.3: converted into alkyl on transfer	Citrate synthase ATP citrate lyase HMG-CoA synthase Malate synthase

v t e Enzymes: Phosphoric ester and nitrogen-metal ligases (EC 6.5-6.6)
6.5: Phosphoric Ester	DNA ligase
6.6: Nitrogen-Metal	Magnesium chelatase Cobalt chelatase

v t e Transferase: nitrogenous groups (EC 2.6)
2.6.1: Transaminases	Aspartate transaminase GOT1 GOT2 Alanine transaminase GABA transaminase Tyrosine aminotransferase Kynurenine—oxoglutarate transaminase Ornithine aminotransferase Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase Alanine—glyoxylate transaminase AGXT
2.6.3: Oximinotransferases	Oximinotransferase
2.6.99: Other	Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase

v t e Transferases: sulfur-containing group (EC 2.8)
2.8.1: Sulfurtransferases	Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase Rhodanese 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase thiosulfate—thiol sulfurtransferase tRNA sulfurtransferase thiosulfate—dithiol sulfurtransferase biotin synthase cysteine desulfurase
2.8.2: Sulfotransferases	Alcohol sulfotransferase Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase Aryl sulfotransferase
2.8.3: CoA-transferases	Propionate CoA-transferase
2.8.4: Alkylthio	Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase

v t e Enzymes: CO CS and CN ligases (EC 6.1-6.3)
6.1: Carbon-Oxygen	Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartate Cysteine D-alanine—poly(phosphoribitol) ligase Glutamate Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine
6.2: Carbon-Sulfur	Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase Acetyl—CoA synthetase Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
6.3: Carbon-Nitrogen	Glutamine synthetase Ubiquitin ligase Cullin Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor UBE3A Mdm2 Anaphase-promoting complex UBR1 Glutathione synthetase CTP synthetase Adenylosuccinate synthase Argininosuccinate synthase Holocarboxylase synthetase GMP synthase Asparagine synthetase Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I II Glutamate–cysteine ligase

v t e Ligases: carbon-carbon ligases (EC 6.4)
Biotin dependent carboxylation	Pyruvate carboxylase Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Propionyl-CoA carboxylase Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
Other	Polyketide synthase

Cardiovascular biochemistry

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