Cardiac fibrosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Cardiac fibrosis refers to an abnormal thickening of the heart valves due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts.
Historical Perspective
First description for endomyocardial fibrosis was in 1948 by Davies in Uganda.[1] Endomyocardial fibrosis was first discovered in 1984 in Ugenda.[1]
There have been several outbreaks of endomycardial fibrosis, including Africa,Asia,and South America.[1]
Classification
Myocardial fibrosis may be classified into two groups:interstitial fibrosis (diffuse),replacement fibrosis (scar) .[2] The interstitial fibrosis divided in to two subclasses:reactive and infiltrative.[3]
Pathophysiology
It is thought that cardiac fibrosis is the result of remodeling of extracellular and deposition of extracellular matrix that causes to impaired muscles function.[3] Also cardiac fibrosis is mediated by cardial fibrosis include Eosinophilia, Infectious such as toxoplasma, malaria,helminthic parasites,rheumatic fever,Environmental exposure such as cerium ,casava ,Immunologic and Genetic.[4][5][6] [7][8][9]
Causes
The most common cause of cardiac fibrosis is cardiac fibrotic scars that usually occure after myocardial infarction . other causes of cardiac fibrotic scars include , hypertensive heart disease,diabetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ,idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.[3]
Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
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[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
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In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
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In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
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The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
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[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
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[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
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[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
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[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
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[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
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[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
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The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
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Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
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Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
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According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
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According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
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Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
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Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
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The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
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The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
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There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
History and Symptoms
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
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The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
Physical Examination
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
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The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
Laboratory Findings
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
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Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
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[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
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Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
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There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
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An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
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An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
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Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
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[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
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[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
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[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
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[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment
Medical Therapy
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
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Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
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The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
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[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
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The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
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The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
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[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
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Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
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Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
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Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
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Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
Surgery
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
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Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
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The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
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The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
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Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
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There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
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Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
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[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
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Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B; et al. (2016). "Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives". Circulation. 133 (24): 2503–15. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178. PMID 27297343.
- ↑ Espeland T, Lunde IG, H Amundsen B, Gullestad L, Aakhus S (2018). "Myocardial fibrosis". Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 138 (16). doi:10.4045/tidsskr.17.1027. PMID 30344312.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K (2019). "Cardiac fibrosis - A short review of causes and therapeutic strategies". Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 146: 77–82. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.011. PMID 31158407.
- ↑ Weller PF, Bubley GJ (1994). "The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome". Blood. 83 (10): 2759–79. PMID 8180373.
- ↑ Ijaola O, Falase AO (1990). "Distribution of antibodies against Coxsackie B viruses, arboviruses and Toxoplasma gondii among patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) compared with normal subjects from EMF endemic and non-endemic zones of Nigeria". Afr J Med Med Sci. 19 (2): 93–103. PMID 2165348.
- ↑ Valiathan SM, Kartha CC (1990). "Endomyocardial fibrosis--the possible connexion with myocardial levels of magnesium and cerium". Int J Cardiol. 28 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/0167-5273(90)90002-m. PMID 2194985.
- ↑ Sezi CL (1996). "Effects of cassava diet on Cercopithecus aethiops livers: a case for cassava as the cause of both tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) and endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF)". East Afr Med J. 73 (5 Suppl): S24–8. PMID 8756024.
- ↑ Mocumbi AO, Latif N, Yacoub MH (2010). "Presence of circulating anti-myosin antibodies in endomyocardial fibrosis". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 4 (4): e661. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000661. PMC 2857887. PMID 20422043.
- ↑ Lowenthal MN (1978). "Endomyocardial fibrosis: familial and other cases from northern Zambia". Med J Zambia. 12 (1): 2–7. PMID 757895.
Pathophysiology
These cells secrete collagen, and normally function to provide structural support for the heart. When over activated this process causes thickening and fibrosis, primarily on the tricuspid valve, but also occurring on the pulmonary valve, eventually leading to right-sided heart failure.
Certain diseases such as gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, which release large amounts of serotonin into the blood, produce a characteristic pattern of mostly right sided cardiac fibrosis which can be identified at autopsy. This pathology has also been seen in certain african tribes who eat foods containing excess amounts of serotonin.
Some appetite suppressant drugs such as fenfluramine and chlorphentermine induce a similar pattern of cardiac fibrosis, by over-stimulating 5HT2B receptors on the cardiac fibroblast cells. These drugs consequently tended to cause increased risk of heart valve damage and subsequent heart failure, which eventually led to them being withdrawn from the market.
A compound found in red wine, resveratrol has been found to slow down the development of cardiac fibrosis.