Carcinoma of the penis pathophysiology

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Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Joel Gelman, M.D. [2], Director of the Center for Reconstructive Urology and Associate Clinical Professor in the Department of Urology at the University of California,Irvine

Overview

On gross pathology, scaly patches or nodules, erythematous, and ulceration are characteristic findings of carcinoma of the penis. On microscopic histopathological analysis, keratinization and intercellular bridges are characteristic findings of carcinoma of the penis.

Pathogenesis

• Penile cancer arises from precursor lesions, which generally progress from low-grade to high-grade lesions.
• For HPV related penile cancers this sequence is as follows:

• A. Squamous hyperplasia
• B. Low-grade penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)
• C. High-grade PIN (carcinoma in situ—Bowen's disease, erythroplasia of Queyrat and bowenoid papulosis (BP))
• D. Invasive carcinoma of the penis

Gross Pathology

• Scaly patches or nodules
• Usually erythematous
• Ulceration

Microscopic Pathology

• On microscopic histopathological analysis, keratinization and intercellular bridges are characteristic findings of carcinoma of the penis.

Grades of penile cancer

• Grading is a way of classifying penile cancer cells based on their appearance and behaviour when viewed under a microscope.

• The grade of penile cancer is based on the degree of differentiation of cells and their rate of growth.

Grade	Definition
GX	Grade of differentiation cannot be assessed
G1	Well differentiated or low grade
G2	Moderately well differentiated or moderate grade
G3	Poorly differentiated or high grade
G4	Undifferentiated or high grade

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