Candesartan

{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage |authorTag=João André Alves Silva, M.D. [1] |genericName=Candesartan cilexetil |aOrAn=an |drugClass=angiotensin II receptor blocker |indication=hypertension and heart failure |hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes |adverseReactions=hypotension, backache, dizziness, pharyngitis, rhinitis and upper respiratory infection |blackBoxWarningTitle=WARNING: FETAL TOXICITY |blackBoxWarningBody=

• When pregnancy is detected, discontinue candesartan cilexetil as soon as possible.
• Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and death to the developing fetus.

|fdaLIADAdult======Hypertension=====

• Starting dosage:

• 16 mg/day, as monotherapy, in non-volume depleted patients.

• Use in hepatic impairment:

• Initiate with 8 mg/day. If blood pressure is not controlled by candesartan cilexetil alone, a diuretic may be added.
• Candesartan cilexetil may be administered with other antihypertensive agents.

Heart Failure

• Initial dosage:

• 4 mg/day

• Target dosage, achieved by doubling the dose at approximately 2-week intervals, as tolerated by the patient:

• 32 mg/day

|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of candesartan cilexetil in adult patients. |offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Cerebrovascular accident=====

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Diabetic nephropathy

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Essential hypertension - Left ventricular hypertrophy

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Kidney disease

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Migraine

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Transplantation

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|fdaLIADPed======Hypertension=====

• 1 to < 17 Years of age

Candesartan cilexetil may be administered once daily or divided into two equal doses.

• In children 1 - 6 years of age:

• Initial dosage:

• 0.20 mg/kg/day PO

• Further dosages:

• 0.05 to 0.4 mg/kg per day PO

• Children 6 - 17 years of age:

• Less than 50 kg

• Initial dosage:

• 4 to 8 mg/day PO

• Further dosages:

• 2 to 16 mg per day PO

• Greater than 50 kg

• Initial dosage:

• 8 to 16 mg/day PO

• Further dosages:

• 4 to 32 mg/day PO

• For patients who can not swallow a pill, follow the instructions below for preparation of the suspension. The number of tablets and volume of vehicle specified below will yield 160 mL of a 1 mg/mL suspension:

• Prepare the vehicle by adding equal volumes of 1Ora-Plus® (80 mL) and 1Ora-Sweet SF® (80 mL) or, alternatively, use, 1,2Ora-Blend SF® (160 mL).
• Add a small amount of vehicle to the required number of ATACAND tablets (five 32 mg tablets) and grind into a smooth paste using a mortar and pestle.
• Add the paste to a preparation vessel of suitable size.
• Rinse the mortar and pestle clean using the vehicle and add this to the vessel. Repeat, if necessary.
• Prepare the final volume by adding the remaining vehicle.
• Mix thoroughly.
• Dispense into suitably sized amber PET bottles.
• Label with an expiry date of 100 days and include the following instructions:

• Store at room temperature (below 30°C/86°F). Use within 30 days after first opening. Do not use after the expiry date stated on the bottle.
• Do not freeze.
• Shake well before each use.

|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of candesartan cilexetil in children. |offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use of candesartan cilexetil in adult patients. |contraindications=* Hypersensitivity to candesartan.

• Do not co-administer aliskiren with candesartan cilexetil in diabetic patients.

|warnings======Fetal Toxicity=====

• Pregnancy Category D
• Use of drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Resulting oligohydramnios can be associated with fetal lung hypoplasia and skeletal deformations.

• Potential neonatal adverse effects include:

• Skull hypoplasia
• Anuria
• Hypotension
• Renal failure
• Death

• When pregnancy is detected, discontinue candesartan cilexetil as soon as possible.
• Oral doses ≥10 mg of candesartan cilexetil/kg/day administered to pregnant rats during late gestation and continued through lactation were associated with reduced survival and an increased incidence of hydronephrosis in the offspring. The 10-mg/kg/day dose in rats is approximately 2.8 times the maximum recommended daily human dose (MRHD) of 32 mg on a mg/m2 basis (comparison assumes human body weight of 50 kg).
• Candesartan cilexetil given to pregnant rabbits at an oral dose of 3 mg/kg/day (approximately 1.7 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis) caused maternal toxicity (decreased body weight and death) but, in surviving dams, had no adverse effects on fetal survival, fetal weight, or external, visceral, or skeletal development.
• No maternal toxicity or adverse effects on fetal development were observed when oral doses up to 1000 mg of candesartan cilexetil/kg/day (approximately 138 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis) were administered to pregnant mice.

Morbidity in Infants

• Children < 1 year of age must not receive candesartan cilexetil for hypertension. Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) can have effects on the development of immature kidneys.

Hypotension

• Candesartan cilexetil can cause symptomatic hypotension.
• Symptomatic hypotension is most likely to occur in patients who have been volume and/or salt depleted as a result of prolonged diuretic therapy, dietary salt restriction, dialysis, diarrhea, or vomiting.
• Patients with symptomatic hypotension may require temporarily reducing the dose of candesartan cilexetil, diuretic or both, and volume repletion. Volume and/or salt depletion should be corrected before initiating therapy with candesartan cilexetil.
• In the CHARM program (heart failure patients), hypotension was reported in 18.8% of patients on candesartan cilexetil versus 9.8% of patients on placebo. The incidence of hypotension leading to drug discontinuation in candesartan cilexetil-treated patients was 4.1% compared with 2.0% in placebo-treated patients. In the CHARM-Added program, where candesartan or placebo was given in addition to ACE inhibitors, hypotension was reported in 22.6% of patients treated with candesartan cilexetil versus 13.8% treated with placebo.
• Monitoring of blood pressure is recommended during dose escalation and periodically thereafter.
• Major Surgery/Anesthesia

• Hypotension may occur during major surgery and anesthesia in patients treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including candesartan cilexetil, due to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. Very rarely, hypotension may be severe such that it may warrant the use of intravenous fluids and/or vasopressors.

Impaired Renal Function

• Monitor renal function periodically in patients treated with candesartan cilexetil. Changes in renal function including acute renal failure can be caused by drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system.
• Patients whose renal function may depend, in part, on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (e.g., patient with renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease, severe heart failure, or volume depletion) may be at particular risk of developing oliguria, progressive azotemia or acute renal failure when treated with candesartan cilexetil. Consider withholding or discontinuing therapy in patients who develop a clinically significant decrease in renal function on candesartan cilexetil.
• In the CHARM program (heart failure patients), the incidence of abnormal renal function (e.g., creatinine increase) was 12.5% in patients treated with candesartan cilexetil versus 6.3% in patients treated with placebo. The incidence of abnormal renal function (e.g., creatinine increase) leading to drug discontinuation in [[candesartan cilexetil-treated patients was 6.3% compared with 2.9% in placebo-treated patients. In the CHARM-Added program, where candesartan or placebo was given in addition to ACE inhibitors, the incidence of abnormal renal function (e.g., creatinine increase) was 15% in patients treated with candesartan cilexetil versus 9% in patients treated with placebo.

Hyperkalemia

Drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system can cause hyperkalemia. Monitor serum potassium periodically. In the CHARM program (heart failure patients), the incidence of hyperkalemia was 6.3% in patients treated with ATACAND versus 2.1% in patients treated with placebo. The incidence of hyperkalemia leading to drug discontinuation in ATACAND-treated patients was 2.4% compared with 0.6% in placebo-treated patients. In the CHARM-Added program where candesartan or placebo was given in addition to ACE inhibitors, the incidence of hyperkalemia was 9.5% in patients treated with ATACAND versus 3.5% in patients treated with placebo [see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7)]. |clinicalTrials=======Central Nervous System======

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(Description) |useInPregnancyFDA=(Description) |useInPregnancyAUS=(Description) |useInLaborDelivery=(Description) |useInNursing=(Description) |useInPed=(Description) |useInGeri=(Description) |useInGender=(Description) |useInRace=(Description) |useInRenalImpair=(Description) |useInHepaticImpair=(Description) |useInReproPotential=(Description) |useInImmunocomp=(Description) |othersTitle=Others |useInOthers=(Description) |administration=(Oral/Intravenous/etc) |monitoring======Condition 1=====

(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)

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(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section) |IVCompat====Solution===

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|overdose====Acute Overdose===

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Candesartan
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(Description) |howSupplied=(Description) |fdaPatientInfo=(Patient Counseling Information) |alcohol=Alcohol-Candesartan interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication. |lookAlike=* (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)

• (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
• (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)

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