Butyrylcholinesterase

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Butyrylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol BCHE; EC 3.1.1.8) also known as BChE, BuChE, pseudocholinesterase, or plasma (cholin)esterase,[1] is a nonspecific cholinesterase enzyme that hydrolyses many different choline-based esters. In humans, it is made in the liver, found mainly in blood plasma, and encoded by the BCHE gene.[2]

It is very similar to the neuronal acetylcholinesterase, which is also known as RBC or erythrocyte cholinesterase.[1] The term "serum cholinesterase" is generally used in reference to a clinical test that reflects levels of both of these enzymes in the blood.[1] Assay of butyrylcholinesterase activity in plasma can be used as a liver function test as both hypercholinesterasemia and hypocholinesterasemia indicate pathological processes. The half-life of BCHE is approximately 10 to 14 days.[3]

Butyrylcholine is a synthetic compound that does not occur in the body naturally. It is used as a tool to distinguish between acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase.

Potential physiological role

Butyrylcholinesterase may be a physiological ghrelin regulator.[4]

Clinical significance

Pseudocholinesterase deficiency results in delayed metabolism of only a few compounds of clinical significance, including the following: succinylcholine, mivacurium, procaine, heroin, and cocaine. Of these, its most clinically important substrate is the depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, succinylcholine, which the pseudocholinesterase enzyme hydrolyzes to succinylmonocholine and then to succinic acid.

In individuals with normal plasma levels of normally functioning pseudocholinesterase enzyme, hydrolysis and inactivation of approximately 90-95% of an intravenous dose of succinylcholine occurs before it reaches the neuromuscular junction. The remaining 5-10% of the succinylcholine dose acts as an acetylcholine receptor agonist at the neuromuscular junction, causing prolonged depolarization of the postsynaptic junction of the motor-end plate. This depolarization initially triggers fasciculation of skeletal muscle. As a result of prolonged depolarization, endogenous acetylcholine released from the presynaptic membrane of the motor neuron does not produce any additional change in membrane potential after binding to its receptor on the myocyte. Flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscles develops within 1 minute. In normal subjects, skeletal muscle function returns to normal approximately 5 minutes after a single bolus injection of succinylcholine as it passively diffuses away from the neuromuscular junction. Pseudocholinesterase deficiency can result in higher levels of intact succinylcholine molecules reaching receptors in the neuromuscular junction, causing the duration of paralytic effect to continue for as long as 8 hours. This condition is recognized clinically when paralysis of the respiratory and other skeletal muscles fails to spontaneously resolve after succinylcholine is administered as an adjunctive paralytic agent during anesthesia procedures. In such cases respiratory assistance is required.[5]

Mutant alleles at the BCHE locus are responsible for suxamethonium sensitivity. Homozygous persons sustain prolonged apnea after administration of the muscle relaxant suxamethonium in connection with surgical anesthesia. The activity of pseudocholinesterase in the serum is low and its substrate behavior is atypical. In the absence of the relaxant, the homozygote is at no known disadvantage.[6]

Finally, pseudocholinesterase metabolism of procaine results in formation of paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA). If the patient receiving procaine is on sulfonamide antibiotics such as bactrim the antibiotic effect will be antagonized by providing a new source of PABA to the microbe for subsequent synthesis of folic acid.

Prophylactic countermeasure against nerve gas

Butyrylcholinesterase is a prophylactic countermeasure against organophosphate nerve agents. It binds nerve agent in the bloodstream before it can exert effects in the nervous system. Because it is a biological scavenger (and universal target), it is currently the only therapeutic agent effective in providing complete stoichiometric protection against the entire spectrum of organophosphate nerve agents.[7]

Prophayatic against cocaine addition

An experimental new drug was developed for the potential treatment of cocaine abuse and overdose based on the pseudocholinesterase structure (it was a human BChE mutant with improved catalytic efficiency). It was shown to remove cocaine from the body 2000 times as fast as the natural form of BChE. Studies in rats have shown that the drug prevented convulsions and death when administered cocaine overdoses.[8] This enzyme also metabolizes succinylcholine which accounts for its rapid degradation in the liver and plasma. There may be genetic variability in the kinetics of this enzyme that can lead to prolonged muscle blockade and potentially dangerous respiratory depression that needs to be treated with assisted ventilation.

Transplantation of skin cells modified to express the enhanced form of butyrylcholinesterase into mice enables the long-term release of the enzyme and efficiently protects the mice from cocaine-seeking behavior and cocaine overdose.[9]

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]

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Irinotecan Pathway edit
  1. The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "IrinotecanPathway_WP46359".

Inhibitors

Nomenclature

The nomenclatural variations of BCHE and of cholinesterases generally are discussed at Cholinesterase § Types and nomenclature.

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jasmin L (2013-05-28). "Cholinesterase - blood". University of Maryland Medical Center.
  2. Allderdice PW, Gardner HA, Galutira D, Lockridge O, LaDu BN, McAlpine PJ (Oct 1991). "The cloned butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) gene maps to a single chromosome site, 3q26". Genomics. 11 (2): 452–4. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90154-7. PMID 1769657.
  3. Whittaker M (1980). "Plasma cholinesterase variants and the anaesthetist". Anaesthesia. 35 (2): 174–197. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03800.x. PMID 6992635.
  4. Chen VP, Gao Y, Geng L, Parks RJ, Pang YP, Brimijoin S (Feb 2015). "Plasma butyrylcholinesterase regulates ghrelin to control aggression". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (7): 2251–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421536112. PMC 4343161. PMID 25646463.
  5. "Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency". Medscape. WebMD LLC.
  6. "Entrez Gene: BCHE butyrylcholinesterase".
  7. "Medical Identification and Treatment Systems(MITS)". Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense. United States Army. Archived from the original on 2016-10-28. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  8. Zheng F, Yang W, Ko MC, Liu J, Cho H, Gao D, Tong M, Tai HH, Woods JH, Zhan CG (Sep 2008). "Most efficient cocaine hydrolase designed by virtual screening of transition states". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (36): 12148–55. doi:10.1021/ja803646t. PMC 2646118. PMID 18710224. Lay summaryScienceDaily.
  9. Li Y, Kong Q, Yue J, Gou X, Xu M, Wu X (September 2018). "Genome-edited skin epidermal stem cells protect mice from cocaine-seeking behaviour and cocaine overdose". Nature Biomedical Engineering. doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0293-z.
  10. Brus B, Košak U, Turk S, Pišlar A, Coquelle N, Kos J, Stojan J, Colletier JP, Gobec S (Oct 2014). "Discovery, biological evaluation, and crystal structure of a novel nanomolar selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 57 (19): 8167–79. doi:10.1021/jm501195e. PMID 25226236.
  11. Messerer, R., Dallanoce, C., Matera, C., Wehle, S., Flammini, L., Chirinda, B., . . . Holzgrabe, U. (2017). Novel bipharmacophoric inhibitors of the cholinesterases with affinity to the muscarinic receptors M1 and M2. MedChemComm, 8(6), 1346-1359. doi:10.1039/c7md00149e

Further reading

External links