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Transcendental Meditation may help<ref name="pmid36121655">{{cite journal| author=Joshi SP, Wong AI, Brucker A, Ardito TA, Chow SC, Vaishnavi S | display-authors=etal| title=Efficacy of Transcendental Meditation to Reduce Stress Among Health Care Workers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. | journal=JAMA Netw Open | year= 2022 | volume= 5 | issue= 9 | pages= e2231917 | pmid=36121655 | doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31917 | pmc=9486450 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=36121655  }} </ref>.
Transcendental Meditation may help<ref name="pmid36121655">{{cite journal| author=Joshi SP, Wong AI, Brucker A, Ardito TA, Chow SC, Vaishnavi S | display-authors=etal| title=Efficacy of Transcendental Meditation to Reduce Stress Among Health Care Workers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. | journal=JAMA Netw Open | year= 2022 | volume= 5 | issue= 9 | pages= e2231917 | pmid=36121655 | doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31917 | pmc=9486450 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=36121655  }} </ref>.
===Art therapy===
[[Randomized controlled trial]]s of art therapy yield mixed and heterogeneous results<ref name="pmid34744918">{{cite journal| author=Ho AHY, Tan-Ho G, Ngo TA, Ong G, Chong PH, Dignadice D | display-authors=etal| title=A Novel Mindful-Compassion Art-Based Therapy for Reducing Burnout and Promoting Resilience Among Healthcare Workers: Findings From a Waitlist Randomized Control Trial. | journal=Front Psychol | year= 2021 | volume= 12 | issue=  | pages= 744443 | pmid=34744918| doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744443 | pmc=8566679 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34744918  }} </ref><ref name="pmid32266765">{{cite journal| author=Kline JA, VanRyzin K, Davis JC, Parra JA, Todd ML, Shaw LL | display-authors=etal| title=Randomized Trial of Therapy Dogs Versus Deliberative Coloring (Art Therapy) to Reduce Stress in Emergency Medicine Providers. | journal=Acad Emerg Med | year= 2020 | volume= 27 | issue= 4 | pages= 266-275 | pmid=32266765 | doi=10.1111/acem.13939 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32266765  }} </ref>.


== See also ==
== See also ==

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Template:Otheruses4 Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox

Burnout is a concept in industrial and organizational psychology for "an excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It is manifested by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion coupled with a sense of frustration and failure".[1] Burnout has three dimensions[2]:

  • Emotional exhaustion
  • Depersonalization (cynicism)
  • Diminished personal accomplishment (inefficacy)

Subsequent research suggests the third dimension, personal accomplishment, better fits with the concept of professional engagement rather than with burnout.[3]

The distinction between burnout and depression is not clear[4].

Prevalence

The prevalence of burnout in the general, employed population of the United States, aged is[5][6][7]:

  • General, employed U.S. population
    • (2010): aged 31-47 30%[5], aged 29-65 29%[6]
    • (2014): aged 31-65 28%[7]
    • (2017): aged 29-65 28%[8]
  • College graduates 2010: aged 31-47 36%[5]

Health care workers

As of 2017, 44% of physicians have have burnout[8]. Previously, in 2014, as many as 50% of physicians in practice may have burnout.[7] General practitioners seem to have low job control and the highest proportion of burnout cases[9].

For physicians in training, rates of burnout (emotional exhaustion) for students, residents and fellows is about 50% while the rate is 36% in similarly aged college graduates.[5]

Causes

Burnout is due to loss of control at work, and also "burnout is mainly predicted by job demands but also by lack of job resources".

Curiously, a study of physicians found, "High levels of personal accomplishment increased stress levels (beta=0 080), whereas depersonalisation lowered stress levels (beta=-0 105)"[10]


Regarding the possible connection of burnout with autonomy, burnout is more common in[11]:

  • chaotic practices[11]
  • larger practices[11]
  • accountable care organizations[11]

Burnout in physicians in training is associated with perceived harassment[12]. In one survey of 24 American medical schools, harassment occurring at least one time was reported by 83% of students[12]. In this study, harassment was more commonly reported being perpetrated by residents[12]. The rates of burnout among students responding to the survey were[12]:

  • All students 34%
  • Those reporting recurrent harassment by faculty 57%
  • Those not reporting recurrent harassment by faculty 32%

According to the yearly survey of recent medical school graduates by the Association of American Medical Colleges, the following are reported [13]:

  • Occasional public embarrassment 20%
  • Occasional public humiliation 8%

Burnout is now being studied in its reported antitheses, job satisfaction, job engagement and thriving. Thriving may protect against burnout[14][15]. Engagement is both negatively associated with burnout, but also unhealthy engagement may lead to burnout.[16]

Measurement

Several burnout inventories are available including the Maslach, Copenhagen, and Oldenburg[17][18].

Maslach Burnout Inventory

The Maslach Burnout Inventory is the earliest and most well-studied measurement of burnout. Maslach and her colleague Jackson first identified the construct "burnout" in the 1970s, and developed a measure that weighs the effects of on three scales[2]:

  • Emotional exhaustion (nine items)
  • Depersonalization (five items)
  • Personal accomplishment (eight items)

The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) has several versions:

  • Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS)[19]
  • General Survey (MBI-GS) [20]

Eckleberry-Hunt in 2017 raised the question that burnout is being over-reported by deeming burnout present if either emotional exhaustion or depersonalization are present.[21]

2 item burnout Inventory

In this survey, abnormal is defined as symptoms weekly or more on either item.[22][23][24]

1. I feel burned out from my work[24] or How often do you feel burned out from your work?[23]

  • Never
  • A few times a year or less
  • Once a month
  • A few times a month
  • Once a week
  • A few times a week
  • Every day

This item correlates with emotional exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (minus the single item being tested)[22]:

  • 0.76 to 0.83 across the four samples[22]

2. I have become more callous toward people since I took this job[24] or How often do you feel you’ve become more callous toward people since you started your residency?[23]

  • Never
  • A few times a year or less
  • Once a month
  • A few times a month
  • Once a week
  • A few times a week
  • Every day

This item correlates with depersonalization subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (minus the single item being tested)[22]:

  • 0.61 to 0.72 across the four samples[22]

The two-item score correlates with the overall MBI with a correlation of 0.65[25] which is under the threshold recommended for group crrelations[26]

The two-item format has been used in national surveys in 2011[6] and its follow-up survey in 2014[7].

Mini Z

The 10‑item Zero Burnout Program survey, or called the Mini Z[27], was adapted from earlier work by Rohland[28] and Schmoldt[29] and the Physician Worklife Survey[30]. The Mini Z is a single item (burnout is defined as answers c, d, or e) that correlates with the emotional exhaustion scale of the Maslach[28]:

1. Using your own definition of “burnout,” please circle one of the answers below: a. I enjoy my work. I have no symptoms of burnout. b. I am under stress, and don’t always have as much energy as I did, but I don’t feel burned out. c. I am definitely burning out and have one or more symptoms of burnout, e.g., emotional exhaustion. d. The symptoms of burnout that I am experiencing won’t go away. I think about work frustrations a lot. e. I feel completely burned out. I am at the point where I may need to seek help.

The Mini-Z contains relevant dimensions:

  • Workload
    • My control over my workload is...
    • Sufficiency of time for documentation is...
    • The amount of time I spend on the electronic health record (EHR) at home is...
  • Cynicism:
    • My professional values are well aligned with those of my department leaders...

The Mini Z is promoted by the American Medical Association's Steps Forward campaign.[31]

The Mini Z may report lower prevalence of burnout than when measured by the full Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).[32]

Burnout Assessment Tool

A newer survey is the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)[33] developed by Schaufeli and others[34]. The BAT has four subscales:

  • Exhaustion
  • Mental distance
  • Emotional impairment
  • Cognitive impairment

The BAT versions are:

  • Full version with 23 items
  • Short version with 12 items

Copenhagen Burnout Inventory

The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory has 19 items and was developed in 2005.[35]

Oldenburg Burnout Inventory

The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory has 16 items and was developed by Demerouti and others and has two scales[36][37]:

  • Disengagement scale. The highest loading item is "I find my work to be a positive challenge" and the second highest loading item is "I always find new and interesting aspects in my work"[38].
  • Exhaustion scale. The highest loading item is "After my work, I usually feel worn out and weary"[38].

Professional Fulfillment Index (PFI) (Stanford)

The PFI contains relevant dimensions including interpersonal disengagement[39]:

  • "Less empathetic with my patients"
  • "Less empathetic with my colleagues"

Physician Well-Being Index (PWBI)

The PWBI contains 7 items, one of which queries burnout in a yes/no response format. Its development[40] and application[41] have been reported.

Scales include disengagement:

  • "Have you worried that your work is hardening you emotionally?"

Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL)

The ProQOL has 30 items over three scales[42]:

  • Compassion satisfaction (CS)
  • Burnout (BO)
  • Compassion fatigue (CF)

The ProQOL does not include depersonalization.

The ProQOL is available at https://proqol.org/.

Causes

Different underlying factors may lead to varying phenotypes of burnout[43][44] One study found[43]:

  • Burnout (high on all three dimensions)
  • Engagement (low on all three)
  • Overextended (high on exhaustion only)
  • Disengaged (high on cynicism only). Also called depersonalization by Leiter[43] which may be the same as mental distance used by the World Health Organization[45].
  • Ineffective (high on inefficacy only)

Job demands-resources model of burnout

Several items, specifically workload, are reflected in the job demands-resources model of burnout[46].

These findings are reflected in the Demand-Control theory of job stress. [47]

Areas of Worklife Survey (AWS)

Leiter and Maslach found the following antecedents from the Areas of Worklife Survey (AWS) using factor analysis:[48]

  • Workload
  • Fairness
  • Control
  • Community
  • Values
  • Rewards

Of these causes, workload is the strongest correlate of emotional exhaustion[48] but loss of control may be the initial factor. Perceived control or autonomy and fairness correlate with cynicism.[48][49]

  • 16% of burnout is attributed to perceived control at the worksite.[50]

Leiter et al found that workload relates more to exhaustion while values incongruency relates more to cynicism[51].

Leadership quality

Leadership affects both burnout and work fulfillment[52].

Prevention

Thriving[14][15] and engagement[53][3] are negatively correlated with, and thus may be protective, against burnout. However, unhealthy engagement may lead to burnout.[16]

Perceived control or autonomy and fairness correlate with cynicism.[48][49]

Successful teamwork may be important[54][55].

Consequences

Burnout is associated with many clinical outcomes and personnel outcomes, but the relationships have much statistical heterogeneity[56].

Burnout may be associated with operating margins[57].

Treatment

Institutional and individual strategies to reduce burnout have been reviewed[58].

Physicians may not be aware that they are burned out and providing awareness may increase engagement with addressing burnout[59].

Meditation and Dhyana

Trauma-informed yoga may help[60].


Transcendental Meditation may help[61].

Art therapy

Randomized controlled trials of art therapy yield mixed and heterogeneous results[62][63].

See also

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Professional Burnout (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Maslach, Christina; Jackson, Susan E. (1981). "The measurement of experienced burnout". Journal of Organizational Behavior. Wiley-Blackwell. 2 (2): 99–113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205. ISSN 0894-3796.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Schaufeli, Wilmar B.; Bakker, Arnold B.; Salanova, Marisa (2016). "The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire". Educational and Psychological Measurement. 66 (4): 701–716. doi:10.1177/0013164405282471. ISSN 0013-1644.
  4. ↑ Sen S (2022). "Is It Burnout or Depression? Expanding Efforts to Improve Physician Well-Being". N Engl J Med. 387 (18): 1629–1630. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2209540. PMID 36317749 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Dyrbye LN, West CP, Satele D, Boone S, Tan L, Sloan J; et al. (2014). "Burnout among U.S. medical students, residents, and early career physicians relative to the general U.S. population". Acad Med. 89 (3): 443–51. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000134. PMID 24448053.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Shanafelt TD, Boone S, Tan L, Dyrbye LN, Sotile W, Satele D; et al. (2012). "Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population". Arch Intern Med. 172 (18): 1377–85. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3199. PMID 22911330.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Shanafelt TD, Hasan O, Dyrbye LN, Sinsky C, Satele D, Sloan J; et al. (2015). "Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction With Work-Life Balance in Physicians and the General US Working Population Between 2011 and 2014". Mayo Clin Proc. 90 (12): 1600–13. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023. PMID 26653297.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Shanafelt, Tait D.; West, Colin P.; Sinsky, Christine; Trockel, Mickey; Tutty, Michael; Satele, Daniel V.; Carlasare, Lindsey E.; Dyrbye, Lotte N. (2019). "Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction With Work-Life Integration in Physicians and the General US Working Population Between 2011 and 2017". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.023. ISSN 0025-6196.
  9. ↑ Taris TW, Stoffelsen J, Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB, van Dierendonck D (2005). "Job control and burnout across occupations". Psychol Rep. 97 (3): 955–61. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.3.955-961. PMID 16512316.
  10. ↑ McManus IC, Winder BC, Gordon D (2002). "The causal links between stress and burnout in a longitudinal study of UK doctors". Lancet. 359 (9323): 2089–90. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08915-8. PMID 12086767.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Edwards ST, Marino M, Solberg LI, Damschroder L, Stange KC, Kottke TE; et al. (2021). "Cultural And Structural Features Of Zero-Burnout Primary Care Practices". Health Aff (Millwood). 40 (6): 928–936. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02391. PMID 34097508 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Cook AF, Arora VM, Rasinski KA, Curlin FA, Yoon JD (2014). "The prevalence of medical student mistreatment and its association with burnout". Acad Med. 89 (5): 749–54. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000204. PMC 4401419. PMID 24667503.
  13. ↑ Association of American Medical Colleges. Medical School Graduation Questionnaire: All Schools Summary Report. Association of American Medical Colleges; Washington, DC
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Porath, Christine, et al. "Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement." Journal of Organizational Behavior 33.2 (2012): 250-275. doi:10.1002/job.756
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hildenbrand K, Sacramento CA, Binnewies C (2016). "Transformational Leadership and Burnout: The Role of Thriving and Followers' Openness to Experience". J Occup Health Psychol. doi:10.1037/ocp0000051. PMID 27631555.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Vinje HF, Mittelmark MB (2007). "Job engagement's paradoxical role in nurse burnout". Nurs Health Sci. 9 (2): 107–11. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00310.x. PMID 17470184.
  17. ↑ Dyrbye L et al (2018). A Pragmatic Approach for Organizations to Measure Health Care Professional Well-Being. National Academy of Medicine
  18. ↑ Anonymous, Valid and Reliable Survey Instruments to Measure Burnout, Well-Being, and Other Work-Related Dimensions, retrieved 3 October 2021
  19. ↑ Maslach, C. T., Jackson, S. E. (1 April 1981). "The measurement of experienced burnout". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2 (2): 99–113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205. ISSN 1099-1379. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  20. ↑ Taris, T. W., Schreurs, P. J. G., Schaufeli, W. B. (July 1999). "Construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey: A two-sample examination of its factor structure and correlates". Work & Stress. 13 (3): 223–237. doi:10.1080/026783799296039. ISSN 1464-5335 0267-8373, 1464-5335 Check |issn= value (help). Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  21. ↑ Eckleberry-Hunt J, Kirkpatrick H, Barbera T (2017). "The Problems With Burnout Research". Acad Med. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001890. PMID 28817432.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 West CP, Dyrbye LN, Sloan JA, Shanafelt TD (2009). "Single item measures of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization are useful for assessing burnout in medical professionals". J Gen Intern Med. 24 (12): 1318–21. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1129-z. PMC 2787943. PMID 19802645.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 West CP, Shanafelt TD, Kolars JC (2011). "Quality of life, burnout, educational debt, and medical knowledge among internal medicine residents". JAMA. 306 (9): 952–60. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1247. PMID 21900135.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 West CP, Dyrbye LN, Satele DV, Sloan JA, Shanafelt TD (2012). "Concurrent validity of single-item measures of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization in burnout assessment". J Gen Intern Med. 27 (11): 1445–52. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2015-7. PMC 3475833. PMID 22362127.
  25. ↑ Li-Sauerwine S, Rebillot K, Melamed M, Addo N, Lin M (2020). "A 2-Question Summative Score Correlates with the Maslach Burnout Inventory". West J Emerg Med. 21 (3): 610–617. doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.2.45139. PMC 7234685 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32421508 Check |pmid= value (help).
  26. ↑ HealthMeasures. PROMIS® Instrument Development and Validation Scientific Standards Version 2.0 (revised May 2013). Available at https://www.healthmeasures.net/images/PROMIS/PROMISStandards_Vers2.0_Final.pdf
  27. ↑ Linzer M, Poplau S, Babbott S, Collins T, Guzman-Corrales L, Menk J; et al. (2016). "Worklife and Wellness in Academic General Internal Medicine: Results from a National Survey". J Gen Intern Med. 31 (9): 1004–10. doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3720-4. PMC 4978678. PMID 27138425.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Rohland, Barbara M.; Kruse, Gina R.; Rohrer, James E. (2004). "Validation of a single-item measure of burnout against the Maslach Burnout Inventory among physicians". Stress and Health. 20 (2): 75–79. doi:10.1002/smi.1002. ISSN 1532-3005.
  29. ↑ Schmoldt RA, Freeborn DK, Klevit HD. Physician burnout: recommendations for HMO managers. HMO Pract. 1994 Jun;8(2):58-63. PMID: 1013526
  30. ↑ Konrad TR, Williams ES, Linzer M, McMurray J, Pathman DE, Gerrity M; et al. (1999). "Measuring physician job satisfaction in a changing workplace and a challenging environment. SGIM Career Satisfaction Study Group. Society of General Internal Medicine". Med Care. 37 (11): 1174–82. PMID 10549620.
  31. ↑ Linzer, Mark; Guzman-Corrales, Laura; Poplau, Sara. "Preventing physician burnout - STEPS Forward". STEPSforward.org. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
  32. ↑ Linzer M, Poplau S (2017). "Building a Sustainable Primary Care Workforce: Where Do We Go from Here?". J Am Board Fam Med. 30 (2): 127–129. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2017.02.170014. PMID 28379818.
  33. ↑ Burnout Assessment Tool. Available at https://burnoutassessmenttool.be/project_eng/
  34. ↑ Schaufeli, Wilmar B.; Desart, Steffie; De Witte, Hans (2020-12-18). "Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—Development, Validity, and Reliability". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (24): 9495. doi:10.3390/ijerph17249495. ISSN 1660-4601. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
  35. ↑ Kristensen T, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: a new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress. 2005;19(3):192–207 doi:10.1080/02678370500297720
  36. ↑ Demerouti, E; Bakker, AB; Vardakou, I; Kantas, A (March 2003). "The Convergent Validity of Two Burnout Instruments". European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 19 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1027//1015-5759.19.1.12. eISSN 2151-2426. ISSN 1015-5759.
  37. ↑ Demerouti, E., Mostert, K., Bakker, A. B. (July 2010). "Burnout and work engagement: A thorough investigation of the independency of both constructs". Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 15 (3): 209–222. doi:10.1037/a0019408. ISSN 1076-8998 1939-1307, 1076-8998 Check |issn= value (help). Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Demerouti E, Bakker AB. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory: A good alternative to measure burnout and engagement. Handbook of stress and burnout in health care. 2008 Jan;65(7). https://www.isonderhouden.nl/doc/pdf/arnoldbakker/articles/articles_arnold_bakker_173.pdf
  39. ↑ Trockel M, Bohman B, Lesure E, Hamidi MS, Welle D, Roberts L; et al. (2018). "A Brief Instrument to Assess Both Burnout and Professional Fulfillment in Physicians: Reliability and Validity, Including Correlation with Self-Reported Medical Errors, in a Sample of Resident and Practicing Physicians". Acad Psychiatry. 42 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1007/s40596-017-0849-3. PMC 5794850. PMID 29196982.
  40. ↑ Dyrbye LN, Satele D, Sloan J, Shanafelt TD. Utility of a brief screening tool to identify physicians in distress. J Gen Intern Med. 2013 Mar;28(3):421-7. doi: doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2252-9. PMID: PMID 23129161
  41. ↑ Dyrbye LN, Satele D, Shanafelt T. Ability of a 9-Item Well-Being Index to Identify Distress and Stratify Quality of Life in US Workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2016 Aug;58(8):810-7. doi: doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000798. PMID: PMID 27294444
  42. ↑ De La Rosa GM, Webb-Murphy JA, Fesperman SF, Johnston SL (2018). "Professional quality of life normative benchmarks". Psychol Trauma. 10 (2): 225–228. doi:10.1037/tra0000263. PMID 28383935.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Leiter, Michael P.; Maslach, Christina (2016-12-01). "Latent burnout profiles: A new approach to understanding the burnout experience". Burnout Research. 3 (4): 89–100. doi:10.1016/j.burn.2016.09.001. ISSN 2213-0586. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  44. ↑ Leiter MP, Frank E, Matheson TJ (2009). "Demands, values, and burnout: relevance for physicians". Can Fam Physician. 55 (12): 1224–1225, 1225.e1–6. PMC 2793232. PMID 20008605.
  45. ↑ Amonymous (2019). Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases Available at https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases
  46. ↑ Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB (2001). "The job demands-resources model of burnout". J Appl Psychol. 86 (3): 499–512. PMID 11419809.
  47. ↑ Karasek, Robert (1990). Healthy work : stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02897-7.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Leiter, Michael P., and Christina Maslach. "Areas of worklife: A structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout." Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2003. 91-134. doi:10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03003-8
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Fernet, Claude; Austin, Stéphanie; Trépanier, Sarah-Geneviève; Dussault, Marc (2013). "How do job characteristics contribute to burnout? Exploring the distinct mediating roles of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness". European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Informa UK Limited. 22 (2): 123–137. doi:10.1080/1359432x.2011.632161. ISSN 1359-432X.
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  51. ↑ Leiter, Michael P; Maslach, Christina. "AREAS OF WORKLIFE: A STRUCTURED APPROACH TO ORGANIZATIONAL PREDICTORS OF JOB BURNOUT". Research in Occupational Stress and Well-being. Emerald (MCB UP ). pp. 91–134. doi:10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03003-8. ISSN 1479-3555.
  52. ↑ Mete M, Goldman C, Shanafelt T, et al. Impact of leadership behaviour on physician well-being, burnout, professional fulfilment and intent to leave: a multicentre cross-sectional survey study. BMJ Open 2022;12:e057554. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057554 https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/6/e057554
  53. ↑ Mason VM, Leslie G, Clark K, Lyons P, Walke E, Butler C; et al. (2014). "Compassion fatigue, moral distress, and work engagement in surgical intensive care unit trauma nurses: a pilot study". Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 33 (4): 215–25. doi:10.1097/DCC.0000000000000056. PMID 24895952.
  54. ↑ Lu MA, O'Toole J, Shneyderman M, Brockman S, Cumpsty-Fowler C, Dang D; et al. (2022). ""Where You Feel Like a Family Instead of Co-workers": a Mixed Methods Study on Care Teams and Burnout". J Gen Intern Med. doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07756-2. PMC 9422940 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36038756 Check |pmid= value (help).
  55. ↑ Kjaer, K., Kowalsky, R., Rubin, L. A., Willis, L., Mital, R. C., Kazam, J., Stracher, A. (17 November 2021). "A Grassroots Approach to Protecting Physicians Against Burnout and Building an Engaging Practice Environment". NEJM Catalyst. 2 (12): CAT.21.0275. doi:10.1056/CAT.21.0275. ISSN 2642-0007. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
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  57. ↑ Muller IR, Eldakar-Hein ST, Ames SE, Rosen LD, Urman RD, Tsai MH (2017). "Potential Association Between Physician Burnout Rates and Operating Margins: Specialty-Specific Analysis". J Med Pract Manage. 32 (4): 233–238. PMID 29969540.
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  59. ↑ Shanafelt TD, Kaups KL, Nelson H, Satele DV, Sloan JA, Oreskovich MR; et al. (2014). "An interactive individualized intervention to promote behavioral change to increase personal well-being in US surgeons". Ann Surg. 259 (1): 82–8. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182a58fa4. PMC 4333681. PMID 23979287.
  60. ↑ Mulvihill, Tracey; Bradbury, Joanne; Grace, Sandra; Doran, Frances (September 2022). "Trauma-informed yoga (online) for positive mental health: A pilot study". Advances in Integrative Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2022.09.001. ISSN 2212-9588.
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  62. ↑ Ho AHY, Tan-Ho G, Ngo TA, Ong G, Chong PH, Dignadice D; et al. (2021). "A Novel Mindful-Compassion Art-Based Therapy for Reducing Burnout and Promoting Resilience Among Healthcare Workers: Findings From a Waitlist Randomized Control Trial". Front Psychol. 12: 744443. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744443. PMC 8566679 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34744918 Check |pmid= value (help).
  63. ↑ Kline JA, VanRyzin K, Davis JC, Parra JA, Todd ML, Shaw LL; et al. (2020). "Randomized Trial of Therapy Dogs Versus Deliberative Coloring (Art Therapy) to Reduce Stress in Emergency Medicine Providers". Acad Emerg Med. 27 (4): 266–275. doi:10.1111/acem.13939. PMID 32266765 Check |pmid= value (help).
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