Berylliosis

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Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anthony Gallo, B.S. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Chronic beryllium disorder; CBD

Overview

Berylliosis or chronic beryllium disorder (CBD) is an occupational lung disease. It is a chronic allergic-type lung response and chronic lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium and its compounds. The condition is incurable but symptoms can be treated.

Historical Perspective

Berylliosis was first discovered by Dr. Harriet Hardy, an American pathologist, in 1945 following an outbreak of respiratory illnesses affecting nearby factory workers.^[1]^[2]
In 1946, Hardy established the National Beryllium Registry at the Massachusetts General Hospital.^[2]

Classification

There is no formal classification system established for berylliosis.
Berylliosis may be classified as a rare disorder and an occupational disease.^[3]^[4]

Pathophysiology

Exposure to beryllium can cause cell mediated immunity .
which can cause sensitize the T cells to beryllium
In each subsequent exposure macrophage and CD4+ helper T - lymphocytes accumulation in the lungs.
As a result macrophages, CD4+ T lymphocyte and plasma cell accumulate to form noncaseating granulomas that cause fibrosis.

Causes

Differentiating Berylliosis from other Diseases

Granulomas are seen in other chronic diseases, such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and it can occasionally be hard to distinguish berylliosis from these disorders.

Epidemiology and Demographics

The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
[Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender

[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

There is no racial predilection for [disease name].

[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Ultimately, this process leads to restrictive lung disease, a decreased diffusion capacity.

Complications

Rarely, one can get granulomas in other organs including the liver.

Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Clinically patients experience cough and shortness of breath. Other symptoms include chest pain, joint aches, weight loss and fever.

The onset of symptoms can range from weeks up to tens of years from the initial exposure. In some individuals a single exposure can cause berylliosis.

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
Physical examination may be remarkable for:

[finding 1]
[finding 2]
[finding 3]
[finding 4]
[finding 5]
[finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings

There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].

[Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
[Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

[Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].

Prevention

There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References

↑ HARDY HL, TABERSHAW IR (1946). "Delayed chemical pneumonitis occurring in workers exposed to beryllium compounds". J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 28: 197–211. PMID 21000285.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Oakes EH. Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Infobase Publishing; 2007.
↑ Berylliosis. National Organization for Rare Diseases (2009). https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/berylliosis/ Accessed on January 24, 2017.
↑ United States Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/beryllium/healtheffects.html Accessed on January 24, 2017.

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Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid21000285-1] HARDY HL, TABERSHAW IR (1946). "Delayed chemical pneumonitis occurring in workers exposed to beryllium compounds". J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 28: 197–211. PMID 21000285.

[BerylHP1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Oakes EH. Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Infobase Publishing; 2007.

[NORDBeryl-3] Berylliosis. National Organization for Rare Diseases (2009). https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/berylliosis/ Accessed on January 24, 2017.

[OSHABeryl-4] United States Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/beryllium/healtheffects.html Accessed on January 24, 2017.

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