Atrial fibrillation causes: Difference between revisions

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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[atrial infarction|Atrial ischemia]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]],<ref name="Tikoff-1968">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tikoff | first1 = G. | last2 = Schmidt | first2 = AM. | last3 = Hecht | first3 = HH. | title = Atrial fibrillation in atrial septal defect. | journal = Arch Intern Med | volume = 121 | issue = 5 | pages = 402-5 | month = May | year = 1968 | doi =  | PMID = 5645716 }}</ref> [[cardiac tumors]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[congenital heart  disease]], [[congestive heart  failure]], [[constrictive  pericarditis]], [[coronary artery bypass graft  surgery]], [[coronary artery  disease]], [[endocarditis]], [[familial atrial  fibrillation]], [[heart failure]], [[hypertensive heart  disease]],<ref name="Krahn-1995">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Krahn | first1 = AD. | last2 = Manfreda | first2 = J. | last3 = Tate | first3 = RB. | last4 = Mathewson | first4 = FA. | last5 = Cuddy | first5 = TE. | title = The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. | journal = Am J Med | volume = 98 | issue = 5 | pages = 476-84 | month = May | year = 1995 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80348-9 | PMID = 7733127 }}</ref><ref name="Kannel-1982">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kannel | first1 = WB. | last2 = Abbott | first2 = RD. | last3 = Savage | first3 = DD. | last4 = McNamara | first4 = PM. | title = Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 306 | issue = 17 | pages = 1018-22 | month = Apr | year = 1982 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198204293061703 | PMID = 7062992 }}</ref> [[hypertrophic  cardiomyopathy]],<ref name="Robinson-1990">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Robinson | first1 = K. | last2 = Frenneaux | first2 = MP. | last3 = Stockins | first3 = B. | last4 = Karatasakis | first4 = G. | last5 = Poloniecki | first5 = JD. | last6 = McKenna | first6 = WJ. | title = Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 1279-85 | month = May | year = 1990 | doi =  | PMID = 2329232 }}</ref><ref name="Cecchi-1995">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cecchi | first1 = F. | last2 = Olivotto | first2 = I. | last3 = Montereggi | first3 = A. | last4 = Santoro | first4 = G. | last5 = Dolara | first5 = A. | last6 = Maron | first6 = BJ. | title = Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tuscany: clinical course and outcome in an unselected regional population. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 1529-36 | month = Nov | year = 1995 | doi = 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00353-3 | PMID = 7594081 }}</ref> [[Lutembacher syndrome]], [[mitral regurgitation]],<ref name="Grigioni-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Grigioni | first1 = F. | last2 = Avierinos | first2 = JF. | last3 = Ling | first3 = LH. | last4 = Scott | first4 = CG. | last5 = Bailey | first5 = KR. | last6 = Tajik | first6 = AJ. | last7 = Frye | first7 = RL. | last8 = Enriquez-Sarano | first8 = M. | title = Atrial fibrillation complicating the course of degenerative mitral regurgitation: determinants and long-term outcome. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 84-92 | month = Jul | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12103260 }}</ref> [[mitral stenosis]], [[myocardial  infarction]],<ref name="Zimetbaum-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Zimetbaum | first1 = PJ. | last2 = Josephson | first2 = ME. | last3 = McDonald | first3 = MJ. | last4 = McClennen | first4 = S. | last5 = Korley | first5 = V. | last6 = Ho | first6 = KK. | last7 = Papageorgiou | first7 = P. | last8 = Cohen | first8 = DJ. | title = Incidence and predictors of myocardial infarction among patients with atrial fibrillation. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 1223-7 | month = Oct | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11028474 }}</ref>, [[myocarditis]] [[pericarditis ]], [[peripartum  cardiomyopathy]],<ref name="WALSH-1965">{{Cite journal  | last1 = WALSH | first1 = JJ. | last2 = BURCH | first2 = GE. | last3 = BLACK | first3 = WC. | last4 = FERRANS | first4 = VJ. | last5 = HIBBS | first5 = RG. | title = IDIOPATHIC MYOCARDIOPATHY OF THE PUERPERIUM (POSTPARTAL HEART DISEASE). | journal = Circulation | volume = 32 | issue =  | pages = 19-31 | month = Jul | year = 1965 | doi =  | PMID = 14314486 }}</ref> [[pulmonary embolism]],<ref name="Goldhaber-1999">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Goldhaber | first1 = SZ. | last2 = Visani | first2 = L. | last3 = De Rosa | first3 = M. | title = Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER) | journal = Lancet | volume = 353 | issue = 9162 | pages = 1386-9 | month = Apr | year = 1999 | doi =  | PMID = 10227218 }}</ref> [[pulmonary  hypertension]], [[tricuspid  regurgitation]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[unstable angina]], [[uremic pericarditis]], [[valvular heart  disease]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[atrial infarction|Atrial ischemia]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]],<ref name="Tikoff-1968">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tikoff | first1 = G. | last2 = Schmidt | first2 = AM. | last3 = Hecht | first3 = HH. | title = Atrial fibrillation in atrial septal defect. | journal = Arch Intern Med | volume = 121 | issue = 5 | pages = 402-5 | month = May | year = 1968 | doi =  | PMID = 5645716 }}</ref> [[cardiac tumors]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[congenital heart  disease]], [[congestive heart  failure]], [[constrictive  pericarditis]], [[coronary artery bypass graft  surgery]], [[coronary artery  disease]], [[endocarditis]], [[familial atrial  fibrillation]], [[heart failure]], [[hypertensive heart  disease]],<ref name="Krahn-1995">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Krahn | first1 = AD. | last2 = Manfreda | first2 = J. | last3 = Tate | first3 = RB. | last4 = Mathewson | first4 = FA. | last5 = Cuddy | first5 = TE. | title = The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. | journal = Am J Med | volume = 98 | issue = 5 | pages = 476-84 | month = May | year = 1995 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80348-9 | PMID = 7733127 }}</ref><ref name="Kannel-1982">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kannel | first1 = WB. | last2 = Abbott | first2 = RD. | last3 = Savage | first3 = DD. | last4 = McNamara | first4 = PM. | title = Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 306 | issue = 17 | pages = 1018-22 | month = Apr | year = 1982 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198204293061703 | PMID = 7062992 }}</ref> [[hypertrophic  cardiomyopathy]],<ref name="Robinson-1990">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Robinson | first1 = K. | last2 = Frenneaux | first2 = MP. | last3 = Stockins | first3 = B. | last4 = Karatasakis | first4 = G. | last5 = Poloniecki | first5 = JD. | last6 = McKenna | first6 = WJ. | title = Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 1279-85 | month = May | year = 1990 | doi =  | PMID = 2329232 }}</ref><ref name="Cecchi-1995">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cecchi | first1 = F. | last2 = Olivotto | first2 = I. | last3 = Montereggi | first3 = A. | last4 = Santoro | first4 = G. | last5 = Dolara | first5 = A. | last6 = Maron | first6 = BJ. | title = Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tuscany: clinical course and outcome in an unselected regional population. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 1529-36 | month = Nov | year = 1995 | doi = 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00353-3 | PMID = 7594081 }}</ref> [[Lutembacher syndrome]], [[mitral regurgitation]],<ref name="Grigioni-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Grigioni | first1 = F. | last2 = Avierinos | first2 = JF. | last3 = Ling | first3 = LH. | last4 = Scott | first4 = CG. | last5 = Bailey | first5 = KR. | last6 = Tajik | first6 = AJ. | last7 = Frye | first7 = RL. | last8 = Enriquez-Sarano | first8 = M. | title = Atrial fibrillation complicating the course of degenerative mitral regurgitation: determinants and long-term outcome. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 84-92 | month = Jul | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12103260 }}</ref> [[mitral stenosis]], [[myocardial  infarction]],<ref name="Zimetbaum-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Zimetbaum | first1 = PJ. | last2 = Josephson | first2 = ME. | last3 = McDonald | first3 = MJ. | last4 = McClennen | first4 = S. | last5 = Korley | first5 = V. | last6 = Ho | first6 = KK. | last7 = Papageorgiou | first7 = P. | last8 = Cohen | first8 = DJ. | title = Incidence and predictors of myocardial infarction among patients with atrial fibrillation. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 1223-7 | month = Oct | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11028474 }}</ref> [[myocarditis]] [[pericarditis ]], [[peripartum  cardiomyopathy]],<ref name="WALSH-1965">{{Cite journal  | last1 = WALSH | first1 = JJ. | last2 = BURCH | first2 = GE. | last3 = BLACK | first3 = WC. | last4 = FERRANS | first4 = VJ. | last5 = HIBBS | first5 = RG. | title = IDIOPATHIC MYOCARDIOPATHY OF THE PUERPERIUM (POSTPARTAL HEART DISEASE). | journal = Circulation | volume = 32 | issue =  | pages = 19-31 | month = Jul | year = 1965 | doi =  | PMID = 14314486 }}</ref> [[pulmonary embolism]],<ref name="Goldhaber-1999">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Goldhaber | first1 = SZ. | last2 = Visani | first2 = L. | last3 = De Rosa | first3 = M. | title = Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER) | journal = Lancet | volume = 353 | issue = 9162 | pages = 1386-9 | month = Apr | year = 1999 | doi =  | PMID = 10227218 }}</ref> [[pulmonary  hypertension]], [[tricuspid  regurgitation]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[unstable angina]], [[uremic pericarditis]], [[valvular heart  disease]]
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| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
[[Stroke]], [[subarachnoid  hemorrhage]],
[[Stroke]], [[subarachnoid  hemorrhage]]
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| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
[[Bronchogenic  carcinoma]], [[chronic obstructive  pulmonary disease]],<ref name="Buch-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Buch | first1 = P. | last2 = Friberg | first2 = J. | last3 = Scharling | first3 = H. | last4 = Lange | first4 = P. | last5 = Prescott | first5 = E. | title = Reduced lung function and risk of atrial fibrillation in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. | journal = Eur Respir J | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 1012-6 | month = Jun | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 12797497 }}</ref>  [[hypoxia]], [[lung cancer]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[pneumonia]], [[pulmonary embolism]],<ref name="Goldhaber-1999">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Goldhaber | first1 = SZ. | last2 = Visani | first2 = L. | last3 = De Rosa | first3 = M. | title = Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER) | journal = Lancet | volume = 353 | issue = 9162 | pages = 1386-9 | month = Apr | year = 1999 | doi =  | PMID = 10227218 }}</ref> [[pulmonary  hypertension]]
[[Bronchogenic  carcinoma]], [[chronic obstructive  pulmonary disease]],<ref name="Buch-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Buch | first1 = P. | last2 = Friberg | first2 = J. | last3 = Scharling | first3 = H. | last4 = Lange | first4 = P. | last5 = Prescott | first5 = E. | title = Reduced lung function and risk of atrial fibrillation in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. | journal = Eur Respir J | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 1012-6 | month = Jun | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 12797497 }}</ref>  [[hypoxia]], [[lung cancer]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[pneumonia]], [[pulmonary embolism]],<ref name="Goldhaber-1999">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Goldhaber | first1 = SZ. | last2 = Visani | first2 = L. | last3 = De Rosa | first3 = M. | title = Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER) | journal = Lancet | volume = 353 | issue = 9162 | pages = 1386-9 | month = Apr | year = 1999 | doi =  | PMID = 10227218 }}</ref> [[pulmonary  hypertension]]
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| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breath spray]],<ref name="pmid2914028">{{cite journal| author=Ridker PM, Gibson CM, Lopez R| title=Atrial fibrillation induced by breath spray. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1989 | volume= 320 | issue= 2 | pages= 124 | pmid=2914028 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> [[Caffeine]], [[dehydration]], [[fatigue]], [[hypothermia]], [[psychological stress]], [[surgery]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breath spray]],<ref name="pmid2914028">{{cite journal| author=Ridker PM, Gibson CM, Lopez R| title=Atrial fibrillation induced by breath spray. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1989 | volume= 320 | issue= 2 | pages= 124 | pmid=2914028 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> [[caffeine]], [[dehydration]], [[fatigue]], [[hypothermia]], [[psychological stress]], [[surgery]]
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Revision as of 19:09, 14 August 2013

Atrial Fibrillation Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Atrial Fibrillation from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Special Groups

Postoperative AF
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Wolff-Parkinson-White Preexcitation Syndrome
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hyperthyroidism
Pulmonary Diseases
Pregnancy
ACS and/or PCI or valve intervention
Heart failure

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

EKG Examples
A-Fib with LBBB

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

Holter Monitoring and Exercise Stress Testing

Cardiac MRI

Treatment

Rate and Rhythm Control

Cardioversion

Overview
Electrical Cardioversion
Pharmacological Cardioversion

Anticoagulation

Overview
Warfarin
Converting from or to Warfarin
Converting from or to Parenteral Anticoagulants
Dabigatran

Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm

Surgery

Catheter Ablation
AV Nodal Ablation
Surgical Ablation
Cardiac Surgery

Specific Patient Groups

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Supportive Trial Data

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Case Studies

Case #1

Atrial fibrillation causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Atrial fibrillation causes

CDC on Atrial fibrillation causes

Atrial fibrillation causes in the news

Blogs on Atrial fibrillation causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Atrial fibrillation causes

Risk calculators and risk factors for Atrial fibrillation causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

The most common cause of atrial fibrillation is atrial dilation associated with hypertension. Approximately 1/3 of patients have familial atrial fibrillation which is due to an underlying genetic disorder. Given the number of patients who undergo coronary artery bypass grafting in the developed world, this is an increasing underlying cause of atrial fibrillation. Other general causes include the advancing age of the population this hemodynamic stress of heart failure and valvular heart disease, myocardial ischemia, a variety of inflammatory disorders, pulmonary diseases, alcohol and drug abuse, and endocrine disorders.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Atrial ischemia, atrial myxoma, atrial septal defect,[6] cardiac tumors, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, coronary artery disease, endocarditis, familial atrial fibrillation, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease,[1][2] hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,[7][8] Lutembacher syndrome, mitral regurgitation,[5] mitral stenosis, myocardial infarction,[3] myocarditis pericarditis , peripartum cardiomyopathy,[9] pulmonary embolism,[4] pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, unstable angina, uremic pericarditis, valvular heart disease
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect

Conivaptan, porfimer sodium

Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine

Diabetes,[10] hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism

Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic

Hemochromatosis

Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease

Viral infections

Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic

Stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage

Nutritional/Metabolic

Electrolyte disturbance, hemochromatosis

Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic

Bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiac tumors, lung cancer, pheochromocytoma

Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity

Alcohol withdrawal, alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamines

Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary

Bronchogenic carcinoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,[11] hypoxia, lung cancer, obstructive sleep apnea, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism,[4] pulmonary hypertension

Renal/Electrolyte

Channelopaties , chronic kidney disease, renal insufficiency

Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy

Collagen vascular disease, rheumatic heart disease,[5] sarcoidosis

Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Breath spray,[12] caffeine, dehydration, fatigue, hypothermia, psychological stress, surgery

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Krahn, AD.; Manfreda, J.; Tate, RB.; Mathewson, FA.; Cuddy, TE. (1995). "The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study". Am J Med. 98 (5): 476–84. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80348-9. PMID 7733127. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kannel, WB.; Abbott, RD.; Savage, DD.; McNamara, PM. (1982). "Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study". N Engl J Med. 306 (17): 1018–22. doi:10.1056/NEJM198204293061703. PMID 7062992. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Zimetbaum, PJ.; Josephson, ME.; McDonald, MJ.; McClennen, S.; Korley, V.; Ho, KK.; Papageorgiou, P.; Cohen, DJ. (2000). "Incidence and predictors of myocardial infarction among patients with atrial fibrillation". J Am Coll Cardiol. 36 (4): 1223–7. PMID 11028474. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Goldhaber, SZ.; Visani, L.; De Rosa, M. (1999). "Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER)". Lancet. 353 (9162): 1386–9. PMID 10227218. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Grigioni, F.; Avierinos, JF.; Ling, LH.; Scott, CG.; Bailey, KR.; Tajik, AJ.; Frye, RL.; Enriquez-Sarano, M. (2002). "Atrial fibrillation complicating the course of degenerative mitral regurgitation: determinants and long-term outcome". J Am Coll Cardiol. 40 (1): 84–92. PMID 12103260. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tikoff, G.; Schmidt, AM.; Hecht, HH. (1968). "Atrial fibrillation in atrial septal defect". Arch Intern Med. 121 (5): 402–5. PMID 5645716. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Robinson, K.; Frenneaux, MP.; Stockins, B.; Karatasakis, G.; Poloniecki, JD.; McKenna, WJ. (1990). "Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study". J Am Coll Cardiol. 15 (6): 1279–85. PMID 2329232. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cecchi, F.; Olivotto, I.; Montereggi, A.; Santoro, G.; Dolara, A.; Maron, BJ. (1995). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tuscany: clinical course and outcome in an unselected regional population". J Am Coll Cardiol. 26 (6): 1529–36. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00353-3. PMID 7594081. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 WALSH, JJ.; BURCH, GE.; BLACK, WC.; FERRANS, VJ.; HIBBS, RG. (1965). "IDIOPATHIC MYOCARDIOPATHY OF THE PUERPERIUM (POSTPARTAL HEART DISEASE)". Circulation. 32: 19–31. PMID 14314486. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Benjamin, EJ.; Levy, D.; Vaziri, SM.; D'Agostino, RB.; Belanger, AJ.; Wolf, PA. (1994). "Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study". JAMA. 271 (11): 840–4. PMID 8114238. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Buch, P.; Friberg, J.; Scharling, H.; Lange, P.; Prescott, E. (2003). "Reduced lung function and risk of atrial fibrillation in the Copenhagen City Heart Study". Eur Respir J. 21 (6): 1012–6. PMID 12797497. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ridker PM, Gibson CM, Lopez R (1989). "Atrial fibrillation induced by breath spray". N Engl J Med. 320 (2): 124. PMID 2914028.

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