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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Infobox_Disease
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| | Name = Asplenia
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| | Image =
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| | Caption =
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| | DiseasesDB =
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| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|D|73|0|d|70}}, {{ICD10|Q|89|0|q|80}}
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| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|289.59}}, {{ICD9|759.01}}
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| | ICDO =
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| | OMIM = 208530
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| | OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|%271400}} {{OMIM2|208540}}
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| | MedlinePlus =
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| | MeshID =
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| }}
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| {{Asplenia}} | | {{Asplenia}} |
| {{CMG}}{{AE}} | | {{CMG}}{{AE}} {{Kalpana Giri}} |
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| {{SK}} | | {{SK}} |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| [[Asplenia medical treatment|Medical Therapy]] | [[Asplenia surgical techniques|Surgery]] | [[Asplenia interventions|Interventions]] | [[Asplenia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Asplenia secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Asplenia cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Asplenia future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | | [[Asplenia medical treatment|Medical Therapy]] | [[TAsplenia surgical techniques|Surgery]] | [[Asplenia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Asplenia secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Asplenia cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Asplenia future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| ==Surgery==
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| The mainstay of [[treatment]] for [[asplenia]] is [[medical therapy]] and [[prevention]].<ref name="pmid11253134">{{cite journal| author=Waghorn DJ| title=Overwhelming infection in asplenic patients: current best practice preventive measures are not being followed. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2001 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 214-8 | pmid=11253134 | doi=10.1136/jcp.54.3.214 | pmc=1731383 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11253134 }} </ref>
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| ==Primary prevention==
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| ===Vaccination===
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| *Vaccination against these encapsulated bacteria is recommended to prevent asplenia patients from severe infection. Up to 87% of asplenic patients were found to have been infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the most common bacterial pathogen leading to infection in patients with asplenia.
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| *[[Vaccinations]] are also recommended before [[splenectomy]] and after the surgical removal. For those with [[functional asplenia]] or [[autosplenectomy]], it is also advised to continue aggressive [[vaccination schedules]]. It is recommended that patients should be given the [[pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13)]] 8 weeks in advance, as well as the [[pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV-23)]], [[Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine (Hib)]], and the [[quadrivalent meningococcal]] [[conjugate vaccine]] 14 days before planned surgery for [[splenectomy]].
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| *Apart from all these [[vaccines]], patients should be [[encouraged]] to [[receive]] [[influenza vaccine]], [[annual vaccination]] against the common [[strains]] of [[influenza]].<ref name="pmid26130882">{{cite journal| author=Huebner ML, Milota KA| title=Asplenia and fever. | journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | year= 2015 | volume= 28 | issue= 3 | pages= 340-1 | pmid=26130882 | doi=10.1080/08998280.2015.11929267 | pmc=4462215 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26130882 }} </ref>
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| ===Antibiotic Prophylaxis===
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| *Only [[Immunizations]] do not [[protect against]] [[infections]] with [[encapsulated bacteria]], [[antibiotic prophylaxis]] Should be given.<ref name="pmid24855431">{{cite journal| author=Salvadori MI, Price VE, Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee| title=Preventing and treating infections in children with asplenia or hyposplenia. | journal=Paediatr Child Health | year= 2014 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 271-8 | pmid=24855431 | doi= | pmc=4029242 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24855431 }} </ref>
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| **'''For children'''
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| ***All [[patients]] younger than [[five years]] of age should receive [[antibiotic prophylaxis]].
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| ***'''Birth to three months''': [[Escherichia coli]], [[Klebsiella]] are of concern in this [[age group]].
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| ****[[Amoxicillin]] or [[clavulanate]] 10 mg/kg/dose PO q12h, with [[penicillin VK]] 125 mg per dose PO q12h OR [[amoxicillin]] 10 mg/kg/dose q12h, as an [[alternative]] if not tolerated.
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| ***'''more than 3 months to five years'''
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| ****[[Penicillin]] VK 125 mg per dose PO q12h OR [[amoxicillin]] 10 mg/kg/dose PO q12h.
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| ****[[Liquid amoxicillin]] tastes better and may be [[better tolerated]] than [[liquid penicillin]].
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| ***'''more than 5 years'''
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| ****[[Penicillin V]] 250 mg or 300 mg per dose q12h OR [[amoxicillin]] 250 mg per dose q12h.
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| ****For [[penicillin]], 250 mg is a convenient dose for [[suspension]] but [[tablets]] are only available as 300 mg
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| *The [[infectious]] [[risk]] in [[asplenic]] patients is high during their [[entire life]] but it is highest during the first 2 years following [[splenectomy]] and the [[risk]] [[decreases]] over time.<ref name="pmid32787857">{{cite journal| author=Quéffélec C, Billet L, Duffau P, Lazaro E, Machelart I, Greib C | display-authors=etal| title=Prevention of infection in asplenic adult patients by general practitioners in France between 2013 and 2016 : Care for the asplenic patient in general practice. | journal=BMC Fam Pract | year= 2020 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 163 | pmid=32787857 | doi=10.1186/s12875-020-01237-3 | pmc=7425533 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32787857 }} </ref>
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| *Along with [[vaccination]], [[antibiotic prophylaxis]] should be given.
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| *Long term [[prophylactic therapy]] [[oral antibiotic]] [[penicillin V]], or [[erythromycin]] in case of allergy, is required for at least [[2 years]] after [[splenectomy]] to cover the period during which the [[infectious]] risk is highest.
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| ===Malaria Prophylaxis===
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| *[[Asplenic]] and [[hyposplenic]] children must be advised of their [[increased]] [[risk]] of [[severe malaria]] and also take [[malaria prophylaxis]] as appropriate for their age and the type of [[malaria]] found in the area to which they are [[travelling]] and they should always [[seek]] [[travel advice]].<ref name="pmid19750611">{{cite journal| author=Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT)| title=Canadian recommendations for the prevention and treatment of malaria among international travellers--2009. | journal=Can Commun Dis Rep | year= 2009 | volume= 35 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= 1-82 | pmid=19750611 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19750611 }} </ref>
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| ==Secondary prevention==
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| Effective measures for the secondary prevention of asplenia include:
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| *[[Patient]] should carry an [[alert card]] or [[bracelet]] and an [[up-to-date]] [[vaccination record]].<ref name="pmid32759171">{{cite journal| author=O'Neill NE, Baker J, Ward R, Johnson C, Taggart L, Sholzberg M| title=The development of a quality improvement project to improve infection prevention and management in patients with asplenia or hyposplenia. | journal=BMJ Open Qual | year= 2020 | volume= 9 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=32759171 | doi=10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000770 | pmc=7410002 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32759171 }} </ref>
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| *Adult with [[asplenia]], if unable to seek [[medical attention]] within 2 hours, should have [[access]] to [[preprescribed antibiotics]] which should be taken at [[fever]] onset.
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| *The risk of [[infection]] can be significantly reduced by using [[systematic]], [[long-term approaches]] to care for [[asplenic patients]].
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| *[[Patient]] and [[family education program]] that addresses the [[risk]] of [[infection]] in these at-risk [[patients]].<ref name="pmid33275684">{{cite journal| author=Lee GM| title=Preventing infections in children and adults with asplenia. | journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program | year= 2020 | volume= 2020 | issue= 1 | pages= 328-335 | pmid=33275684 | doi=10.1182/hematology.2020000117 | pmc=7727556 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33275684 }} </ref>
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| ==Case Studies== | | ==Case Studies== |
| [[Asplenia case study one|Case #1]] | | [[Asplenia case study one|Case #1]] |
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| {{Hematology}}
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| {{Phakomatoses and other congenital malformations not elsewhere classified}}
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| [[de:Asplenie]]
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| [[nl:Asplenie]]
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| [[fi:Asplenia]]
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| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
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| [[Category:Medicine]] | | [[Category:Medicine]] |
| [[Category:Oncology]] | | [[Category:Oncology]] |
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| [[Category:Immunology]] | | [[Category:Immunology]] |
| [[Category:Hematology]] | | [[Category:Hematology]] |
| <references />
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