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== Overview ==
Several risk factors associated with Asperger Syndrome (AS) and austim spectrum disorder (ASD) are: male gender, older parental age, family history of austim spectrum disorder (ASD), prematurity, low birth weight and pregnancy complications.<ref name="pmid29701730" /><ref name="pmid9813781" /><ref name="pmid15909402" /><ref name="pmid15909404" /><ref name="pmidd29701730" /><ref name="pmid28102992" />
 
== Risk Factors ==
Several risk factors have been associated with Asperger Syndrome:
 
* Male gender: The male to female ratio for austim spectrum disorder (ASD) is approximately 4 to 1.<ref name="pmid29701730">{{cite journal| author=Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, Maenner MJ, Daniels J, Warren Z | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2018 | volume= 67 | issue= 6 | pages= 1-23 | pmid=29701730 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1 | pmc=5919599 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29701730  }} </ref>
* Family history of austim spectrum disorder (ASD)<ref name="pmid9813781">{{cite journal| author=Volkmar FR, Klin A, Pauls D| title=Nosological and genetic aspects of Asperger syndrome. | journal=J Autism Dev Disord | year= 1998 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 457-63 | pmid=9813781 | doi=10.1023/a:1026012707581 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9813781  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15909402">{{cite journal| author=Gillberg C, Cederlund M| title=Asperger syndrome: familial and pre- and perinatal factors. | journal=J Autism Dev Disord | year= 2005 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 159-66 | pmid=15909402 | doi=10.1007/s10803-004-1993-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15909402  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15909404">{{cite journal| author=Ghaziuddin M| title=A family history study of Asperger syndrome. | journal=J Autism Dev Disord | year= 2005 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 177-82 | pmid=15909404 | doi=10.1007/s10803-004-1996-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15909404 }} </ref>
*Race: AS has been reported to be 7% and 22% higher among white children compared to black and Hispanic children.<ref name="pmidd29701730">{{cite journal| author=Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, Maenner MJ, Daniels J, Warren Z | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2018 | volume= 67 | issue= 6 | pages= 1-23 | pmid=d29701730 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1 | pmc=5919599 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29701730 }} </ref>
*Other risk factors associated with austim spectrum disorder (ASD) include:<ref name="pmid28102992">{{cite journal| author=Ng M, de Montigny JG, Ofner M, Do MT| title=Environmental factors associated with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review for the years 2003-2013. | journal=Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can | year= 2017 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-23 | pmid=28102992 | doi=10.24095/hpcdp.37.1.01 | pmc=5480297 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28102992 }} </ref>
**Advanced maternal age
** Advanced paternal age
** Low birth weight
**[[Premature birth|Prematurity]]
**Hyperbilirubinemia, [[neonatal jaundice]]
**Maternal immigrant status  
**[[Complications of pregnancy|Pregnancy complications]] such as [[eclampsia]] and [[Pregnancy induced hypertension|pregnancy-induced hypertension]]
**Air pollutants (traffic-related)<br />


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:16, 22 June 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]

Overview

Several risk factors associated with Asperger Syndrome (AS) and austim spectrum disorder (ASD) are: male gender, older parental age, family history of austim spectrum disorder (ASD), prematurity, low birth weight and pregnancy complications.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Risk Factors

Several risk factors have been associated with Asperger Syndrome:

  • Male gender: The male to female ratio for austim spectrum disorder (ASD) is approximately 4 to 1.[1]
  • Family history of austim spectrum disorder (ASD)[2][3][4]
  • Race: AS has been reported to be 7% and 22% higher among white children compared to black and Hispanic children.[5]
  • Other risk factors associated with austim spectrum disorder (ASD) include:[6]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, Maenner MJ, Daniels J, Warren Z; et al. (2018). "Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014". MMWR Surveill Summ. 67 (6): 1–23. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1. PMC 5919599. PMID 29701730.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Volkmar FR, Klin A, Pauls D (1998). "Nosological and genetic aspects of Asperger syndrome". J Autism Dev Disord. 28 (5): 457–63. doi:10.1023/a:1026012707581. PMID 9813781.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gillberg C, Cederlund M (2005). "Asperger syndrome: familial and pre- and perinatal factors". J Autism Dev Disord. 35 (2): 159–66. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1993-7. PMID 15909402.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ghaziuddin M (2005). "A family history study of Asperger syndrome". J Autism Dev Disord. 35 (2): 177–82. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1996-4. PMID 15909404.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, Maenner MJ, Daniels J, Warren Z; et al. (2018). "Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014". MMWR Surveill Summ. 67 (6): 1–23. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1. PMC 5919599. PMID d29701730 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ng M, de Montigny JG, Ofner M, Do MT (2017). "Environmental factors associated with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review for the years 2003-2013". Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 37 (1): 1–23. doi:10.24095/hpcdp.37.1.01. PMC 5480297. PMID 28102992.
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