Aortic insufficiency stages
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Resident Survival Guide |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]; Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]
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Aortic Regurgitation Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Acute Aortic regurgitation |
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Chronic Aortic regurgitation |
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Aortic insufficiency stages On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Aortic insufficiency stages |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Aortic insufficiency stages |
Overview
According to the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease, aortic insufficiency is classified into 4 stages based on the valve's anatomy, hemodynamics, and the patients symptoms.
Stages
Shown below is a table summarizing the stages of aortic regurgitation (AR) according to the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease.[1] [2] [3][4] [5]
Abbreviations: AR: aortic regurgitation; HF: heart failure; IE: infective endocarditis; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; Jet/LVOT : jet width and LVOT ratio
| STAGE | DEFINITION | SYMPTOMS | VALVE ANATOMY | VALVE HEMODYNAMICS | HEMODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | At risk of AR | • None | • Bicuspid valve • Valve sclerosis • History of rheumatic fever • Infective endocarditis |
• No regurgitation | • None |
| B | Progressive AR | • None | • Mild-to-moderate calcification • Rheumatic valve changes • Dilatation of aortic sinuses • Infective endocarditis |
• Mild regurgitation:
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• Normal LV systolic function • Normal LV volume or mild LV dilation |
| C | Asymptomatic severe | • None • Exercise testing to confirm symptom status |
• Calcific aortic valve disease • Rheumatic valve changes • Bicuspid valve • Dilated aortic sinuses • Infective endocarditis with abnormal leaflet closure |
• Severe regurgitation
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• C1: Normal LVEF and mild to moderate LV dilatation • C2: LV systolic dysfunction with decreased LVEF or severe LV dilatation |
| D | Symptomatic severe | • Exertional dyspnea • Exertional angina • HF symptoms |
• Calcific aortic valve disease • Rheumatic valve changes • Dilated aortic sinuses • Infective endocarditis with abnormal leaflet closure |
• Severe regurgitation
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• Normal or decreased systolic function • Moderate to severe LV dilatation
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References
- ↑ Nishimura, R. A.; Otto, C. M.; Bonow, R. O.; Carabello, B. A.; Erwin, J. P.; Guyton, R. A.; O'Gara, P. T.; Ruiz, C. E.; Skubas, N. J.; Sorajja, P.; Sundt, T. M.; Thomas, J. D. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000031. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Okafor I, Raghav V, Midha P, Kumar G, Yoganathan A (2016). "The hemodynamic effects of acute aortic regurgitation into a stiffened left ventricle resulting from chronic aortic stenosis". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 310 (11): H1801–7. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00161.2016. PMID 27106040.
- ↑ Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ (2004). "Clinical practice. Aortic regurgitation". N Engl J Med. 351 (15): 1539–46. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp030912. PMID 15470217.
- ↑ Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA; et al. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. 63 (22): e57–185. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.536. PMID 24603191.
- ↑ Stout KK, Verrier ED (2009). "Acute valvular regurgitation". Circulation. 119 (25): 3232–41. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.782292. PMID 19564568.