Angiodysplasia pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The exact pathogenesis of angiodysplasia is unknown. It has been proposed that chronic obstruction of submucosal veins coupled with the effect of [[ageing]], ultimately leading to the formation of small arterio-venous collaterals. Angiogenic factors have also been found to play a role in the development of angiodysplasia.


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==


*The exact pathogenesis of angiodysplasia is still unknown.
*The exact [[pathogenesis]] of angiodysplasia is still unknown.
*According to a theory, angiodysplasia develops due to chronic obstruction of submucosal veins coupled with the effect of ageing, ultimately leading to the formation of small arterio-venous collaterals.<ref name="pmid24138285">{{cite journal| author=Sami SS, Al-Araji SA, Ragunath K| title=Review article: gastrointestinal angiodysplasia - pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. | journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 39 | issue= 1 | pages= 15-34 | pmid=24138285 | doi=10.1111/apt.12527 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24138285  }} </ref>
*According to a theory, angiodysplasia develops due to chronic obstruction of submucosal veins coupled with the effect of [[ageing]], ultimately leading to the formation of small arterio-venous collaterals.<ref name="pmid24138285">{{cite journal| author=Sami SS, Al-Araji SA, Ragunath K| title=Review article: gastrointestinal angiodysplasia - pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. | journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 39 | issue= 1 | pages= 15-34 | pmid=24138285 | doi=10.1111/apt.12527 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24138285  }} </ref>
*Some studies have revealed increased levels of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), Ang2 etc. in small bowel and human colonic angiodysplasia.<ref name="pmid28868182">{{cite journal| author=Holleran G, Hussey M, Smith S, McNamara D| title=Assessment of serum angiogenic factors as a diagnostic aid for small bowel angiodysplasia in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and anaemia. | journal=World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol | year= 2017 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 127-132 | pmid=28868182 | doi=10.4291/wjgp.v8.i3.127 | pmc=5561433 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28868182  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25319741">{{cite journal| author=Holleran G, Hall B, O'Regan M, Smith S, McNamara D| title=Expression of Angiogenic Factors in Patients With Sporadic Small Bowel Angiodysplasia. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2015 | volume= 49 | issue= 10 | pages= 831-6 | pmid=25319741 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000260 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25319741  }} </ref>
*Some studies have revealed increased levels of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), Ang2 etc. in [[small bowel]] and human colonic angiodysplasia.<ref name="pmid28868182">{{cite journal| author=Holleran G, Hussey M, Smith S, McNamara D| title=Assessment of serum angiogenic factors as a diagnostic aid for small bowel angiodysplasia in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and anaemia. | journal=World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol | year= 2017 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 127-132 | pmid=28868182 | doi=10.4291/wjgp.v8.i3.127 | pmc=5561433 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28868182  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25319741">{{cite journal| author=Holleran G, Hall B, O'Regan M, Smith S, McNamara D| title=Expression of Angiogenic Factors in Patients With Sporadic Small Bowel Angiodysplasia. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2015 | volume= 49 | issue= 10 | pages= 831-6 | pmid=25319741 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000260 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25319741  }} </ref>
*It has also been proposed that aortic stenosis, von Willebrand disease and chronic renal failure by various mechanisms contribute to development of angiodysplasia.<ref name="pmid24138285">{{cite journal| author=Sami SS, Al-Araji SA, Ragunath K| title=Review article: gastrointestinal angiodysplasia - pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. | journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 39 | issue= 1 | pages= 15-34 | pmid=24138285 | doi=10.1111/apt.12527 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24138285  }} </ref><br />
*It has also been proposed that [[aortic stenosis]], [[von Willebrand disease]] and [[chronic renal failure]] by various mechanisms contribute to development of angiodysplasia.<ref name="pmid24138285">{{cite journal| author=Sami SS, Al-Araji SA, Ragunath K| title=Review article: gastrointestinal angiodysplasia - pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. | journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 39 | issue= 1 | pages= 15-34 | pmid=24138285 | doi=10.1111/apt.12527 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24138285  }} </ref><br />


==Histology==
==Histology==


Angiodysplastic lesions on histology appear as ectatic, thin-walled blood vessels in mucosa or submucosa.<ref name="pmid1544666">{{cite journal| author=Thelmo WL, Vetrano JA, Wibowo A, DiMaio TM, Cruz-Vetrano WP, Kim DS| title=Angiodysplasia of colon revisited: pathologic demonstration without the use of intravascular injection technique. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 1992 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-40 | pmid=1544666 | doi=10.1016/0046-8177(92)90008-q | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1544666  }} </ref>
Angiodysplastic lesions on histology appear as ectatic, thin-walled blood vessels in [[mucosa]] or [[submucosa]].<ref name="pmid1544666">{{cite journal| author=Thelmo WL, Vetrano JA, Wibowo A, DiMaio TM, Cruz-Vetrano WP, Kim DS| title=Angiodysplasia of colon revisited: pathologic demonstration without the use of intravascular injection technique. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 1992 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-40 | pmid=1544666 | doi=10.1016/0046-8177(92)90008-q | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1544666  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 01:19, 11 September 2021

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Overview

The exact pathogenesis of angiodysplasia is unknown. It has been proposed that chronic obstruction of submucosal veins coupled with the effect of ageing, ultimately leading to the formation of small arterio-venous collaterals. Angiogenic factors have also been found to play a role in the development of angiodysplasia.

Pathophysiology

  • The exact pathogenesis of angiodysplasia is still unknown.
  • According to a theory, angiodysplasia develops due to chronic obstruction of submucosal veins coupled with the effect of ageing, ultimately leading to the formation of small arterio-venous collaterals.[1]
  • Some studies have revealed increased levels of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), Ang2 etc. in small bowel and human colonic angiodysplasia.[2][3]
  • It has also been proposed that aortic stenosis, von Willebrand disease and chronic renal failure by various mechanisms contribute to development of angiodysplasia.[1]

Histology

Angiodysplastic lesions on histology appear as ectatic, thin-walled blood vessels in mucosa or submucosa.[4]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Sami SS, Al-Araji SA, Ragunath K (2014). "Review article: gastrointestinal angiodysplasia - pathogenesis, diagnosis and management". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 39 (1): 15–34. doi:10.1111/apt.12527. PMID 24138285.
  2. Holleran G, Hussey M, Smith S, McNamara D (2017). "Assessment of serum angiogenic factors as a diagnostic aid for small bowel angiodysplasia in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and anaemia". World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 8 (3): 127–132. doi:10.4291/wjgp.v8.i3.127. PMC 5561433. PMID 28868182.
  3. Holleran G, Hall B, O'Regan M, Smith S, McNamara D (2015). "Expression of Angiogenic Factors in Patients With Sporadic Small Bowel Angiodysplasia". J Clin Gastroenterol. 49 (10): 831–6. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000260. PMID 25319741.
  4. Thelmo WL, Vetrano JA, Wibowo A, DiMaio TM, Cruz-Vetrano WP, Kim DS (1992). "Angiodysplasia of colon revisited: pathologic demonstration without the use of intravascular injection technique". Hum Pathol. 23 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(92)90008-q. PMID 1544666.

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