Anemia of chronic disease overview

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Anemia of chronic disease from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

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Primary Prevention

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

There is no established classification of anemia of chronic disease.

Pathophysiology

Inflammatory cytokines induce increased amounts of hepcidin by the liver. Hepcidin blocks ferroportin from releasing iron from the body stores. Inflammatory cytokines also decrease ferroportin expression and stops erythropoiesis by increasing bone marrow erythropoietin resistance. Apart from iron sequestration, white blood cells production is promoted by inflammatory cytokines. Bone marrow stem cellsproduce both red blood cells and white blood cells cells. Therefore, the upregulation of white blood cells causes fewer stem cells to differentiate into red blood cells. This may also have a role in inhibition of erythropoiesis ,even when erythropoietin levels are normal, and aside from the effects of hepcidin.

Causes

Conditions that can lead to anemia of chronic disease include autoimmune disorders, such as Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis, Cancer including lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease, chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, long-term infections, such as bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis (bone infection), HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B or hepatitis C, less production of erythropoietin (EPO) by kidneys, resistance of bone marrow to EPO., decreased half life of red blood cells, hospitalized for severe acute infections, trauma, or other conditions that cause inflammation and aging process may cause inflammation and anemia.

Differentiating from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

30 to 60 percent of patients in rheumatoid arthritis patients have anemia. More than 30 of cancer patients have anemia. The rate reached 63 percent. In elderly patients, about one third of the cases of anemia are ACD.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for anemia of chronic disease include autoimmune disorders, chronic infection, trauma, major surgery, malignancy, HIV infection, rheumatologic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, castleman disease, heart failure, older adults, renal insufficiency and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for anemia of chronic disease.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for test that will reliably make the diagnosis of ACD

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Mild normocytic and normochromic anemia with a hemoglobin concentration of 10 to 11 g/dL. Less than 25 percent of the cases have microcytic and hypochromic anemia with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 70 fL. Normal or low mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MHC) similar to the MCV, and normal to increased red cell distribution width (RDW). No significant changes in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). 20 percent of cases have severe anemia, with a hemoglobin concentration <8 g/dL. Absolute reticulocyte count is frequently low (<25,000/microL). There could be an elevation in cytokines (eg, IL-6, interferon-gamma) and acute phase reactants (eg, fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, ferritin, haptoglobin, factor VIII)

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

References


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