Amnesia classification: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(9 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 4: Line 4:


==Overview==
==Overview==
Amnesia can be divided into two broad groups, [[retrograde amnesia]] and [[anterograde amnesia]]. [[Retrograde amnesia]] is the loss of [[memory]] prior to the onset of amnesia and [[anterograde amnesia]] is the inability to form new [[memory]]. Other types of amnesia are [[Psychological]] including [[repressive amnesia]] and [[dissociative fugue]], [[infantile]] amnesia, [[neurological]] amnesia ([[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Pick's disease]]), post-[[traumatic]] Amnesia, [[drug]]-Induced Amnesia, [[transient global amnesia]].
Amnesia can be divided into two broad groups, [[retrograde amnesia]] and [[anterograde amnesia]]. [[Retrograde amnesia]] is the loss of [[memory]] prior to the onset of amnesia and [[anterograde amnesia]] is the inability to form new [[memory]]. Other types of amnesia are [[Psychological]] including [[repressive amnesia]] and [[dissociative fugue]], [[infantile]] amnesia, [[neurological]] amnesia ([[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Pick's disease]]), post-[[traumatic]] Amnesia, [[drug]]-Induced Amnesia, [[transient global amnesia]].[[Memory]] can also be divided into two groups depending on the duration, short-term [[memory]] and long-term [[memory]].


==Classification==
==Classification==
Line 11: Line 11:
**[[Retrograde amnesia]]: The loss of [[memory]] prior to the [[onset]] of amnesia. Patient can form new [[memories]].
**[[Retrograde amnesia]]: The loss of [[memory]] prior to the [[onset]] of amnesia. Patient can form new [[memories]].
*[[Memory]] can also be divided into groups depending on the duration:
*[[Memory]] can also be divided into groups depending on the duration:
*Short-term [[memory]] are for short period of time and use existing [[neuronal]] network.
**Short-term [[memory]] are for short period of time and use existing [[neuronal]] network.
*Long-term [[memory]] are long lasting and are formed by structural/functional changes in [[neuronal]] network.<ref name="pmid25301080">{{cite journal| author=Bisaz R, Travaglia A, Alberini CM| title=The neurobiological bases of memory formation: from physiological conditions to psychopathology. | journal=Psychopathology | year= 2014 | volume= 47 | issue= 6 | pages= 347-56 | pmid=25301080 | doi=10.1159/000363702 | pmc=4246028 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25301080  }} </ref>
**Long-term [[memory]] are long lasting and are formed by structural/functional changes in [[neuronal]] network.<ref name="pmid25301080">{{cite journal| author=Bisaz R, Travaglia A, Alberini CM| title=The neurobiological bases of memory formation: from physiological conditions to psychopathology. | journal=Psychopathology | year= 2014 | volume= 47 | issue= 6 | pages= 347-56 | pmid=25301080 | doi=10.1159/000363702 | pmc=4246028 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25301080  }} </ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 18: Line 18:
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF| '''Main Features'''
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF| '''Main Features'''
  |-
  |-
  | [[Dissociative Amnesia]]        ||Temporary, [[episodic]] [[retrograde memory loss]]. Cause is [[psychological]] in origin. [[Dissociative Amnesia]] is also referred to as [[psychological]] amnesia. It has variable presentation:
  | [[Dissociative Amnesia]]        ||Temporary, [[episodic]] [[retrograde memory loss]] without structural [[brain]] damage. Cause is [[psychological]] in origin. [[Dissociative Amnesia]] is also referred to as [[psychological]] amnesia. It has variable presentation:
*[[Repressed amnesia]] is seen in [[patients]] where they are unable to recall a stressful or traumatic incident from the past due to [[psychological]] [[defense mechanism]].  
*[[Repressed amnesia]] is seen in [[patients]] where they are unable to recall a stressful or traumatic incident from the past due to [[psychological]] [[defense mechanism]].  
*[[Dissociative fugue]] has been observed in these [[patients]] where the identity and [[memory]] is lost. It is reversible and has variable time duration.<ref name="pmid18086739">{{cite journal| author=Bourget D, Whitehurst L| title=Amnesia and crime. | journal=J Am Acad Psychiatry Law | year= 2007 | volume= 35 | issue= 4 | pages= 469-80 | pmid=18086739 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18086739  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30311153">{{cite journal| author=Khalili M, Wong RJ| title=Underserved Does Not Mean Undeserved: Unfurling the HCV Care in the Safety Net. | journal=Dig Dis Sci | year= 2018 | volume= 63 | issue= 12 | pages= 3250-3252 | pmid=30311153 | doi=10.1007/s10620-018-5316-9 | pmc=6436636 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30311153 }} </ref><ref> American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5</ref>
*[[Dissociative fugue]] has been observed in these [[patients]] where the identity and [[memory]] is lost. It is reversible and has variable time duration.<ref name="pmid18086739">{{cite journal| author=Bourget D, Whitehurst L| title=Amnesia and crime. | journal=J Am Acad Psychiatry Law | year= 2007 | volume= 35 | issue= 4 | pages= 469-80 | pmid=18086739 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18086739  }} </ref><ref> American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5</ref>
|-
|[[Transient global amnesia]] || Sudden episodic loss of [[anterograde]] and partial [[retrograde]] [[memory]]. Usually last less than twenty four hours.<ref name="pmid19031042">{{cite journal| author=Profice P, Rizzello V, Pennestrì F, Pilato F, Della Marca G, Sestito A | display-authors=etal| title=Transient global amnesia during transoesophageal echocardiogram. | journal=Neurol Sci | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 6 | pages= 477-9 | pmid=19031042 | doi=10.1007/s10072-008-1034-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19031042 }} </ref>
  |-
  |-
  | [[Post-traumatic Amnesia]] || Amnesia that follows [[head]] [[trauma]] could be temporary or permanent. The span of memory loss is uncertain it could present with retrograde, anterograde or combined. Extent of [[injury]] and duration of [[loss of consciousness]] are important [[prognostic]] factors in determining the severity of amnesia. <ref name="pmid11475324">{{cite journal| author=Leclerc S, Lassonde M, Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Johnston KM| title=Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes. | journal=Sports Med | year= 2001 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 629-36 | pmid=11475324 | doi=10.2165/00007256-200131080-00007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11475324  }} </ref>
  | [[Post-traumatic Amnesia]] || Amnesia that follows [[head]] [[trauma]] could be temporary or permanent. The span of memory loss is uncertain it could present with retrograde, anterograde or combined. Extent of [[injury]] and duration of [[loss of consciousness]] are important [[prognostic]] factors in determining the severity of amnesia. <ref name="pmid11475324">{{cite journal| author=Leclerc S, Lassonde M, Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Johnston KM| title=Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes. | journal=Sports Med | year= 2001 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 629-36 | pmid=11475324 | doi=10.2165/00007256-200131080-00007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11475324  }} </ref>
Line 28: Line 30:
  | [[Drug]]-Induced Amnesia||[[Benzodiazepine]] are the most common group of [[drugs]] that can cause [[drug]]-induced amnesia, especially if used with [[alcohol]]. [[Memory]] loss could be long term or short term.<ref> Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print</ref> Amnesia is anterograde from the time the drug was introduced and patient has impairment in forming new memories. It is reversible upon discontinuation of the [[drug]].
  | [[Drug]]-Induced Amnesia||[[Benzodiazepine]] are the most common group of [[drugs]] that can cause [[drug]]-induced amnesia, especially if used with [[alcohol]]. [[Memory]] loss could be long term or short term.<ref> Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print</ref> Amnesia is anterograde from the time the drug was introduced and patient has impairment in forming new memories. It is reversible upon discontinuation of the [[drug]].
  |-
  |-
  | [[Neurological]] Amnesia||[[Alzheimer's Disease]], [[Pick's Disease]]
  | [[Neurological]] Amnesia||[[Alzheimer's Disease]], [[Pick's Disease]], [[Parkinson's Disease]]
  |-
  |-
  | Amnesia in [[Korsakoff’s Syndrome]]|| Caused by [[thiamine]] [[deficiency]] due to prolonged [[alcohol]] use or severe [[malnutrition]]. [[Anterograde amnesia]], [[retrograde amnesia]], and [[confabulation]].<ref>Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw. Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers, 2003. Print.</ref>
  | Amnesia in [[Korsakoff’s Syndrome]]|| Caused by [[thiamine]] [[deficiency]] due to prolonged [[alcohol]] use or severe [[malnutrition]]. [[Anterograde amnesia]], [[retrograde amnesia]], and [[confabulation]].<ref>Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw. Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers, 2003. Print.</ref>

Latest revision as of 01:45, 25 March 2021

Amnesia Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Amnesia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Amnesia classification On the Web

Most recent articles

cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Amnesia classification

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Amnesia classification

CDC on Amnesia classification

Amnesia classification in the news

Blogs on Amnesia classification

Directions to Hospitals Treating Amnesia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Amnesia classification

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Amnesia can be divided into two broad groups, retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory prior to the onset of amnesia and anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memory. Other types of amnesia are Psychological including repressive amnesia and dissociative fugue, infantile amnesia, neurological amnesia (Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease), post-traumatic Amnesia, drug-Induced Amnesia, transient global amnesia.Memory can also be divided into two groups depending on the duration, short-term memory and long-term memory.

Classification

Types of Amnesia Main Features
Dissociative Amnesia Temporary, episodic retrograde memory loss without structural brain damage. Cause is psychological in origin. Dissociative Amnesia is also referred to as psychological amnesia. It has variable presentation:
Transient global amnesia Sudden episodic loss of anterograde and partial retrograde memory. Usually last less than twenty four hours.[4]
Post-traumatic Amnesia Amnesia that follows head trauma could be temporary or permanent. The span of memory loss is uncertain it could present with retrograde, anterograde or combined. Extent of injury and duration of loss of consciousness are important prognostic factors in determining the severity of amnesia. [5]
Infantile Amnesia Also known as childhood amnesia. Early childhood memory is lost, usually up to the age of fours year. Influenced by cultural norms and sexual repression.[6]
Drug-Induced Amnesia Benzodiazepine are the most common group of drugs that can cause drug-induced amnesia, especially if used with alcohol. Memory loss could be long term or short term.[7] Amnesia is anterograde from the time the drug was introduced and patient has impairment in forming new memories. It is reversible upon discontinuation of the drug.
Neurological Amnesia Alzheimer's Disease, Pick's Disease, Parkinson's Disease
Amnesia in Korsakoff’s Syndrome Caused by thiamine deficiency due to prolonged alcohol use or severe malnutrition. Anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation.[8]
Selective Amnesia Certain memory is lost. Patient may forget about certain relationships, talents, events, or traumatic incidents.
Epileptic Amnesia Observed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.[9] Anterograde amnesia with short-term memory loss.
Lacunar amnesia Memory of a particular event is lost. Lacuna mean 'a gap', which refers to leaving 'a gap' in memory.[10]

References

  1. Bisaz R, Travaglia A, Alberini CM (2014). "The neurobiological bases of memory formation: from physiological conditions to psychopathology". Psychopathology. 47 (6): 347–56. doi:10.1159/000363702. PMC 4246028. PMID 25301080.
  2. Bourget D, Whitehurst L (2007). "Amnesia and crime". J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 35 (4): 469–80. PMID 18086739.
  3. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
  4. Profice P, Rizzello V, Pennestrì F, Pilato F, Della Marca G, Sestito A; et al. (2008). "Transient global amnesia during transoesophageal echocardiogram". Neurol Sci. 29 (6): 477–9. doi:10.1007/s10072-008-1034-y. PMID 19031042.
  5. Leclerc S, Lassonde M, Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Johnston KM (2001). "Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes". Sports Med. 31 (8): 629–36. doi:10.2165/00007256-200131080-00007. PMID 11475324.
  6. Wang Q (2003). "Infantile amnesia reconsidered: a cross-cultural analysis". Memory. 11 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1080/741938173. PMID 12653489.
  7. Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print
  8. Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw. Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers, 2003. Print.
  9. Kopelman MD (2002). "Disorders of memory". Brain. 125 (Pt 10): 2152–90. doi:10.1093/brain/awf229. PMID 12244076.
  10. Benezech M, Leyssenne JP (1978). "[Lacunar amnesia and criminal behaviour : realities and medico-legal consequences]". Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 136 (6–8): 918–29. PMID 747264.

Template:WH Template:WS