Amnesia classification: Difference between revisions
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**[[Epileptic]] Amnesia | **[[Epileptic]] Amnesia | ||
**[[Lacunar amnesia]] | **[[Lacunar amnesia]] | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF | '''Types of Amnesia''' | |||
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF| '''Main Features''' | |||
|- | |||
| [[Essential tremor]] ||[[gait]] [[ataxia]], [[vestibulo-cerebellar]] involvement, reduced by [[alcohol]], [[family history]], [[stress]]/[[fatigue]] can increase tremor [[amplitude]], increases with voluntary movements | |||
|- | |||
| [[Parkinson’s disease]] ||[[Bradykinesia]], [[micrographia]], [[stooped posture]], [[ataxia]], [[rigidity]], [[imbalance]], [[depression]], [[apathy]], decreases with voluntary movements | |||
|- | |||
| [[Physiologic Tremor]] || Tremor occurs while maintaining a posture and mostly disappears if [[eyes]] are closed or a load is placed on the [[muscles]]. Subtle [[innate]] tremor normally present in the general [[population]]. | |||
|- | |||
| Enhanced [[Physiologic]] Tremor ||[[Physiologic]] tremor enhanced due to [[fatigue]], [[sleep deprivation]], [[drugs]], [[endocrine disorders]], [[caffeine]], [[stress]]. | |||
|- | |||
| [[Cerebellar]] Tremor ||Occurs in [[multiple sclerosis]], [[stroke]], [[brainstem]] [[tumor]], or [[cerebellar]] [[trauma]]. May feature [[ataxia]], [[dysmetria]], [[dysdiadochokinesia]], and [[dysarthria]]. | |||
|- | |||
| [[Drug]] Induced Tremor || [[Amiodarone]], [[bronchodilators]], [[lithium]], [[metoclopramide]], [[neuroleptics]], [[theophylline]], [[valproate]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[Orthostatic]] Tremor || Occurs in the [[legs]] on standing and is relieved by sitting down | |||
|- | |||
|Holmes tremor || Mostly due to [[vascular]] [[lesion]] in [[mesencephalic]], [[thalamic]] or both regions. | |||
|} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:36, 9 March 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Amnesia can be divided into two broad groups, retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memory and retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory prior to the onset of amnesia.
Classification
- Amnesia can be divided into two broad groups:
- Anterograde amnesia: The inability to form new memory. Past memory is intact.
- Retrograde amnesia: The loss of memory prior to the onset of amnesia. Patient can form new memories.
- Following are types of amnesia, these can features of anterograde, retrograde or both:
- Dissociative Amnesia: Temporary, episodic retrograde memory loss. Cause is psychological in origin. Dissociative Amnesia is also referred to as psychological amnesia. It has variable presentation:
- Repressed amnesia is seen in patients where they are unable to recall a stressful or traumatic incident from the past due to psychological defense mechanism.
- Dissociative fugue has been observed in these patients where the identity and memory is lost. It is reversible and has variable time duration.[1][2]
- Infantile Amnesia: Also known as childhood amnesia. Early childhood memory is lost, usually up to the age of fours year. Influenced by cultural norms and sexual repression.[3]
- Drug-Induced Amnesia: Benzodiazepine are the most common group of drugs that can cause drug-induced amnesia, especially if used with alcohol. Memory loss could be long term or short term.[4] Amnesia is anterograde from the time the drug was introduced and patient has impairment in forming new memories. It is reversible upon discontinuation of the drug.
- Neurological Cause of Amnesia:
- Amnesia in Korsakoff’s Syndrome
- Selective Amnesia
- Epileptic Amnesia
- Lacunar amnesia
- Dissociative Amnesia: Temporary, episodic retrograde memory loss. Cause is psychological in origin. Dissociative Amnesia is also referred to as psychological amnesia. It has variable presentation:
| Types of Amnesia | Main Features |
|---|---|
| Essential tremor | gait ataxia, vestibulo-cerebellar involvement, reduced by alcohol, family history, stress/fatigue can increase tremor amplitude, increases with voluntary movements |
| Parkinson’s disease | Bradykinesia, micrographia, stooped posture, ataxia, rigidity, imbalance, depression, apathy, decreases with voluntary movements |
| Physiologic Tremor | Tremor occurs while maintaining a posture and mostly disappears if eyes are closed or a load is placed on the muscles. Subtle innate tremor normally present in the general population. |
| Enhanced Physiologic Tremor | Physiologic tremor enhanced due to fatigue, sleep deprivation, drugs, endocrine disorders, caffeine, stress. |
| Cerebellar Tremor | Occurs in multiple sclerosis, stroke, brainstem tumor, or cerebellar trauma. May feature ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, and dysarthria. |
| Drug Induced Tremor | Amiodarone, bronchodilators, lithium, metoclopramide, neuroleptics, theophylline, valproate |
| Orthostatic Tremor | Occurs in the legs on standing and is relieved by sitting down |
| Holmes tremor | Mostly due to vascular lesion in mesencephalic, thalamic or both regions. |
References
- ↑ Bourget D, Whitehurst L (2007). "Amnesia and crime". J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 35 (4): 469–80. PMID 18086739.
- ↑ Khalili M, Wong RJ (2018). "Underserved Does Not Mean Undeserved: Unfurling the HCV Care in the Safety Net". Dig Dis Sci. 63 (12): 3250–3252. doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5316-9. PMC 6436636. PMID 30311153.
- ↑ Wang Q (2003). "Infantile amnesia reconsidered: a cross-cultural analysis". Memory. 11 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1080/741938173. PMID 12653489.
- ↑ Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print