African trypanosomiasis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{African trypanosomiasis}}
{{African trypanosomiasis}}
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{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid, {{ADG}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Currently, it is estimated that the annual [[prevalence]] of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is less than 20,000. In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the [[World Health Organization]] and ''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'' accounted for > 98% of cases. There is no predilection for a specific age group for [[African trypanosomiasis]].


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology==
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Sleepinggeographic.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Geographic distribution vector for sleeping sickness cases.]] -->
===Incidence and prevalence===
 
*The global [[incidence]] of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is estimated to be  7,000-10,000.
The disease is found in two forms, depending on the parasite, either ''Trypanosoma brucei gambiense'' or ''Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense''. ''T. b. gambiense'' is found in central and western Africa; it causes a [[chronic (medicine)|chronic condition]] that can extend in a passive phase for months or years before symptoms emerge. ''T. b. rhodesiense'', is the [[Acute (medical)|acute]] form of the disease but has a much more limited range. It is found in southern and eastern Africa; its infection emerges in a few weeks and is more virulent and faster developing. According to recent estimates, the disability adjusted life years (9 to 10 years) (DALYs) lost due to sleeping sickness are 2.0 million.<ref>{{cite paper
*In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization; ''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'' accounted for > 98% of cases.
  |author=World Health Organization (Geneva)
*Currently, it is estimated that the annual [[prevalence]] of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is less than 20,000.
  |title=World Health Report 2000: Health Systems Improving Performance
  |date=2000
  |url=http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/tryp/direction.htm#Refs
}}</ref>
Recent estimates indicate that over 60 million people living in some 250 foci are at risk of contracting the disease, and there are about 300,000 new cases each year.<ref>{{cite paper
  |author=WHO Expert Committee on Control and Surveillance of African trypanosomiasis (Geneva)
  |title=WHO Technical Report Series,No.881
  |date=1998
  |url=http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/tryp/direction.htm#Refs
}}</ref>
The disease has been recorded as occurring in 36 countries, all in sub-Saharan Africa.
 
Humans are the main reservoir for ''Trypanosoma brucei gambiense'', but this species can also be found in pigs and other animals.  Wild game animals and cattle are the main reservoir of ''T. b. rhodesiense''.


Horse-flies (Tabanidae) and Stomoxydinae possibly could play a role by mechanical transmission (in special situations) not only of [[Nagana]] (the animal form of sleeping sickness) but also of the human disease form.<ref>{{cite journal
==Demographics==
  |author=Cherenet T, Sani RA, Panandam JM, Nadzr S, Speybroeck N, van den Bossche P
===Age===
  |title=Seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in a tsetse-infested zone and a tsetse-free zone of the Amhara Region, north-west Ethiopia
*There is no predilection for a specific age group for [[African trypanosomiasis|African trypanosomiasis]].<ref name="pmid16735165">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fèvre EM, Picozzi K, Jannin J, Welburn SC, Maudlin I |title=Human African trypanosomiasis: Epidemiology and control |journal=Adv. Parasitol. |volume=61 |issue= |pages=167–221 |year=2006 |pmid=16735165 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61005-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25125985">{{cite journal |vauthors=Franco JR, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Jannin JG |title=Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis |journal=Clin Epidemiol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=257–75 |year=2014 |pmid=25125985 |pmc=4130665 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S39728 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlTrypanosomiasis, African (Sleeping Sickness) - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book | Travelers Health | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/trypanosomiasis-african-sleeping-sickness |title=Trypanosomiasis, African (Sleeping Sickness) - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book &#124; Travelers' Health &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlWHO | The current situation">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/trypanosomiasis_african/country/country_situation/en/ |title=WHO &#124; The current situation |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
  |journal=[[The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research]]
*The rate of [[African trypanosomiasis]] is high among [[neonates]] due to risk of [[vertical transmission]] during [[pregnancy]].
  |year=2004 |volume=71 | issue=4 | pages= 307&ndash;312
===Gender===
  |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15732457&query_hl=1
*Men and women are affected equally by [[African trypanosomiasis]].
}}</ref>
*Male gender is thought to be associated with worse [[prognosis]] than female gender.


==East african trypanosomiasis==
===Race===
Worldwide, approximately 25,000 new cases of both East and West African trypanosomiasis are reported to the World Health Organization each year. However, many cases are not reported due to a lack of infrastructure and the true number of new cases is undoubtedly much higher. Since 1967, thirty-six cases of East African trypanosomiasis have been reported within the United States, all among individuals who had traveled to Africa.
*Given the [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemicity]] of the disease in South America, the majority of individuals with [[African trypanosomiasis]] are of Hispanic origin.
 
*However, there is no evidence to demonstrate that there is any racial predilection to the acquisition of the infection.
East African trypanosomiasis is found in parts of Eastern and Central Africa, including Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, Zaire, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. Areas where infection is spread are largely determined by the location of the infected tsetse fly and wild animal population.
===Geographic distribution===
 
*[[African trypanosomiasis]] is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] to rural sub-Saharan Africa.  
==West african trypanosomiasis==
*''[[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense]]'' is found in eastern and southeastern Africa, mainly Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Worldwide, approximately 40,000 new cases of both East and West African trypanosomiasis are reported to the World Health Organization each year. However, the majority of cases are not reported due to a lack of infrastructure and it is likely that there are more than 100,000 new cases annually. Few cases of West African trypanosomiasis have been reported in the United States.
*''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'' is found in central Africa and in limited areas of West Africa, primarily in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, South Sudan, Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, Chad, and northern Uganda.
 
[[Image:HAT ga 2014 490.png|center|500px]]
West African trypanosomiasis can be contracted in parts of Western and Central Africa. The tsetse fly lives only in Africa; areas where infection is spread are largely determined by where the infected tsetse fly is found.<ref>
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_ea_trypanosomiasis.htm#what
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_wa_trypanosomiasis.htm</ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 20:19, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid, Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Currently, it is estimated that the annual prevalence of African trypanosomiasis is less than 20,000. In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounted for > 98% of cases. There is no predilection for a specific age group for African trypanosomiasis.

Epidemiology

Incidence and prevalence

Demographics

Age

Gender

Race

  • Given the endemicity of the disease in South America, the majority of individuals with African trypanosomiasis are of Hispanic origin.
  • However, there is no evidence to demonstrate that there is any racial predilection to the acquisition of the infection.

Geographic distribution

  • African trypanosomiasis is endemic to rural sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is found in eastern and southeastern Africa, mainly Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is found in central Africa and in limited areas of West Africa, primarily in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, South Sudan, Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, Chad, and northern Uganda.

References

  1. ↑ Fèvre EM, Picozzi K, Jannin J, Welburn SC, Maudlin I (2006). "Human African trypanosomiasis: Epidemiology and control". Adv. Parasitol. 61: 167–221. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61005-6. PMID 16735165.
  2. ↑ Franco JR, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Jannin JG (2014). "Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis". Clin Epidemiol. 6: 257–75. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S39728. PMC 4130665. PMID 25125985.
  3. ↑ "Trypanosomiasis, African (Sleeping Sickness) - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC".
  4. ↑ "WHO | The current situation".
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