Adenocarcinoma of the lung epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
==Epidemiology== | |||
Nearly 40% of lung cancers in the US are adenocarcinoma, which usually originates in peripheral lung tissue.<ref name=WCR20145.1>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 5.1}}</ref> Most cases of adenocarcinoma are associated with smoking; however, among people who have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetimes ("never-smokers"),<ref name="Harrison">{{Cite book | last=Horn | first=L |author2=Pao W |author3=Johnson DH | title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | publisher=McGraw-Hill | editor-last=Longo | editor-first=DL | editor-last2=Kasper | editor-first2=DL | editor-last3=Jameson | editor-first3=JL | editor-last4=Fauci | editor-first4=AS | editor-last5=Hauser | editor-first5=SL | editor-last6=Loscalzo | editor-first6=J | year=2012 | chapter=Chapter 89 | edition=18th | isbn=0-07-174889-X }}</ref> adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer.<ref name="Subramanian">{{cite journal | last=Subramanian | first=J |author2=Govindan R |title=Lung cancer in never smokers: a review | journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume=25 | issue=5 | pages=561–570| publisher=American Society of Clinical Oncology |date=February 2007 | pmid=17290066 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8015 }}</ref> Its incidence has been increasing in many developed Western nations in the past few decades, where it has become the most common major type of lung cancer in smokers (replacing [[Squamous cell lung carcinoma#Squamous cell lung carcinoma|squamous cell lung carcinoma]]) and in lifelong nonsmokers.<ref name='who2004'/> According to the [[Nurses' Health Study]], the risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung increases substantially after a long duration of previous [[tobacco smoking]], with a previous smoking duration of 30 to 40 years giving a [[relative risk]] of approximately 2.4 compared to never-smokers, and a duration of more than 40 years giving a relative risk of approximately 5.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kenfield | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Wei | first2 = E. K. | last3 = Stampfer | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Rosner | first4 = B. A. | last5 = Colditz | first5 = G. A. | title = Comparison of aspects of smoking among the four histological types of lung cancer | journal = Tobacco Control | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 198–204 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18390646 | pmc = 3044470 | doi = 10.1136/tc.2007.022582}}</ref> | |||
This cancer usually is seen peripherally in the lungs, as opposed to [[small cell lung cancer]] and [[squamous cell]] lung cancer, which both tend to be more centrally located,<ref name=Travis95>{{cite journal |author=Travis WD, Travis LB, Devesa SS |title=Lung cancer |journal=Cancer |volume=75 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=191–202 |date=January 1995|pmid=8000996 |doi= 10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<191::AID-CNCR2820751307>3.0.CO;2-Y|url=}}</ref><ref name=Kumar-adenocarcinoma>{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 13, box on morphology of adenocarcinoma |author=Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=1-4160-2973-7 |edition=8th}}</ref> although it may also occur as central lesions.<ref name=Kumar-adenocarcinoma/> For unknown reasons, it often arises in relation to peripheral lung scars. The current theory is that the scar probably occurred secondary to the tumor, rather than causing the tumor.<ref name=Kumar-adenocarcinoma/> The adenocarcinoma has an increased incidence in smokers, and is the most common type of lung cancer seen in non-smokers and women.<ref name=Kumar-adenocarcinoma/> The peripheral location of adenocarcinoma in the lungs is due to the use of filters in cigarettes which prevent the larger particles from entering the lung.{{Clarify|date=April 2013}}<ref>Goljan USMLE Audio Tapes, 2001</ref><ref>British Journal of Cancer (2004) 90, 646 – 651 T Marugame et al, Filter cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk; a hospital-based | |||
case–control study in Japan</ref> Deeper inhalation of cigarette smoke results in peripheral lesions that are often the case in adenocarcinomas of the lung. Generally, adenocarcinomas grow more slowly and form smaller masses than the other subtypes.<ref name=Kumar-adenocarcinoma/> However, they tend to form [[metastase]]s widely at an early stage.<ref name=Kumar-adenocarcinoma/> Adenocarcinoma is a [[non-small cell lung carcinoma]], and as such, it is not as responsive to [[radiation therapy]] as is [[small cell lung carcinoma]], but is rather treated surgically, for example by [[pneumonectomy]] or [[lobectomy]].<ref name=Kumar-adenocarcinoma/> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shanshan Cen, M.D. [2]
Overview
Epidemiology
Nearly 40% of lung cancers in the US are adenocarcinoma, which usually originates in peripheral lung tissue.[1] Most cases of adenocarcinoma are associated with smoking; however, among people who have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetimes ("never-smokers"),[2] adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer.[3] Its incidence has been increasing in many developed Western nations in the past few decades, where it has become the most common major type of lung cancer in smokers (replacing squamous cell lung carcinoma) and in lifelong nonsmokers.[4] According to the Nurses' Health Study, the risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung increases substantially after a long duration of previous tobacco smoking, with a previous smoking duration of 30 to 40 years giving a relative risk of approximately 2.4 compared to never-smokers, and a duration of more than 40 years giving a relative risk of approximately 5.[5]
This cancer usually is seen peripherally in the lungs, as opposed to small cell lung cancer and squamous cell lung cancer, which both tend to be more centrally located,[6][7] although it may also occur as central lesions.[7] For unknown reasons, it often arises in relation to peripheral lung scars. The current theory is that the scar probably occurred secondary to the tumor, rather than causing the tumor.[7] The adenocarcinoma has an increased incidence in smokers, and is the most common type of lung cancer seen in non-smokers and women.[7] The peripheral location of adenocarcinoma in the lungs is due to the use of filters in cigarettes which prevent the larger particles from entering the lung.[clarification needed][8][9] Deeper inhalation of cigarette smoke results in peripheral lesions that are often the case in adenocarcinomas of the lung. Generally, adenocarcinomas grow more slowly and form smaller masses than the other subtypes.[7] However, they tend to form metastases widely at an early stage.[7] Adenocarcinoma is a non-small cell lung carcinoma, and as such, it is not as responsive to radiation therapy as is small cell lung carcinoma, but is rather treated surgically, for example by pneumonectomy or lobectomy.[7]
References
- ↑ World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.1. ISBN 9283204298.
- ↑ Horn, L; Pao W; Johnson DH (2012). "Chapter 89". In Longo, DL; Kasper, DL; Jameson, JL; Fauci, AS; Hauser, SL; Loscalzo, J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-174889-X.
- ↑ Subramanian, J; Govindan R (February 2007). "Lung cancer in never smokers: a review". Journal of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology. 25 (5): 561–570. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8015. PMID 17290066.
- ↑
- ↑ Kenfield, S. A.; Wei, E. K.; Stampfer, M. J.; Rosner, B. A.; Colditz, G. A. (2008). "Comparison of aspects of smoking among the four histological types of lung cancer". Tobacco Control. 17 (3): 198–204. doi:10.1136/tc.2007.022582. PMC 3044470. PMID 18390646.
- ↑ Travis WD, Travis LB, Devesa SS (January 1995). "Lung cancer". Cancer. 75 (1 Suppl): 191–202. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<191::AID-CNCR2820751307>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 8000996.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. "Chapter 13, box on morphology of adenocarcinoma". Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
- ↑ Goljan USMLE Audio Tapes, 2001
- ↑ British Journal of Cancer (2004) 90, 646 – 651 T Marugame et al, Filter cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk; a hospital-based case–control study in Japan