Acute stress disorder causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Acute stress disorder may be caused by either experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted with one or more traumatic events.<ref>Bryant, Richard A., et al. "A review of acute stress disorder in DSM‐5." Depression and anxiety 28.9 (2011): 802-817.</ref><ref>Classen, Catherine, et al. "Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms." American Journal of Psychiatry (1998).</ref><ref>Elklit, Ask, and Dorte M. Christiansen. "ASD and PTSD in rape victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2010).</ref><ref>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Print.</ref> | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Traumatic events that can cause acute stress disorder include the following:<ref>Bryant, Richard A., et al. "A review of acute stress disorder in DSM‐5." Depression and anxiety 28.9 (2011): 802-817.</ref><ref>Classen, Catherine, et al. "Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms." American Journal of Psychiatry (1998).</ref><ref>Elklit, Ask, and Dorte M. Christiansen. "ASD and PTSD in rape victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2010).</ref><ref>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Print.</ref> | |||
*Directly experiencing the traumatic event, | |||
*Witnessing the traumatic event | |||
a | *Being confronted with one or more traumatic events | ||
Approximately 6 to 33 percent of people who experience a traumatic event develop ASD. This rate varies based on the nature of the traumatic situation | Approximately 6 to 33 percent of people who experience a traumatic event develop ASD. This rate varies based on the nature of the traumatic situation | ||
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 800px" align=center | {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 800px" align=center | ||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Threatened or actual violent personal assault | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Threatened or actual violent personal assault | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sexual violence, physical attack , active combat, mugging, childhood physical and/or sexual violence, being kidnapped being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture | ||
For children, sexually traumatic events may include inappropriate sexual experiences without violence or injury | For children, sexually traumatic events may include inappropriate sexual experiences without violence or injury | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Natural or humanmade disasters | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Natural or humanmade disasters | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Earthquake, airplane crash, hurricane | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Medical incidents | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Medical incidents | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Sudden, catastrophic events such as waking during surgery, [[anaphylactic shock]] | ||
A severe life-threatening illness or debilitating medical condition is not necessarily considered a traumatic event | A severe life-threatening illness or debilitating medical condition is not necessarily considered a traumatic event | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Severe accident | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Severe accident | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Severe motor vehicle, industrial accident | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" rowspan="8" | Traumatic events witnessed, but not limited to | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" rowspan="8" | Traumatic events witnessed, but not limited to | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Observing threatened or serious injury | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Unnatural death | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Physical or sexual violence inflicted on another individual as a result of violent assault | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Severe domestic violence | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Severe accident | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | War | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Disaster | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Witnessing a medical catastrophe involving one's child | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | A life-threatening haemorrhage | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold"| Being confronted with one or more traumatic events | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold"| Being confronted with one or more traumatic events | ||
| Line 74: | Line 71: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold"| Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold"| Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Child abuse, death | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Child abuse]], death | ||
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | First responders collecting human remains, police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse | ||
|} | |} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Abnormal psychology]] | |||
[[Category:Psychological stress]] | |||
[[Category:Psychiatry]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]
Overview
Acute stress disorder may be caused by either experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted with one or more traumatic events.[1][2][3][4]
Causes
Traumatic events that can cause acute stress disorder include the following:[5][6][7][8]
- Directly experiencing the traumatic event,
- Witnessing the traumatic event
- Being confronted with one or more traumatic events
Approximately 6 to 33 percent of people who experience a traumatic event develop ASD. This rate varies based on the nature of the traumatic situation
| Traumatic event | Type of traumatic event | Example of traumatic event |
|---|---|---|
| Traumatic events experienced directly, but not limited to | Exposure to war as a combatant or civilian | |
| Threatened or actual violent personal assault | Sexual violence, physical attack , active combat, mugging, childhood physical and/or sexual violence, being kidnapped being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture
For children, sexually traumatic events may include inappropriate sexual experiences without violence or injury | |
| Natural or humanmade disasters | Earthquake, airplane crash, hurricane | |
| Medical incidents | Sudden, catastrophic events such as waking during surgery, anaphylactic shock
A severe life-threatening illness or debilitating medical condition is not necessarily considered a traumatic event | |
| Severe accident | Severe motor vehicle, industrial accident | |
| Traumatic events witnessed, but not limited to | Observing threatened or serious injury | |
| Unnatural death | ||
| Physical or sexual violence inflicted on another individual as a result of violent assault | ||
| Severe domestic violence | ||
| Severe accident | ||
| War | ||
| Disaster | ||
| Witnessing a medical catastrophe involving one's child | A life-threatening haemorrhage | |
| Being confronted with one or more traumatic events | ||
| Traumatic events experienced indirectly through learning about the event are limited to close relatives or close friends | Events must have been violent or accidental
Death due to natural causes does not qualify When the stressor is interpersonal or intentional ( e.g, torture, rape), the disorder may be especially severe The likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase |
violent personal assault, suicide , serious accident, or serious injury |
| Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events | Child abuse, death | First responders collecting human remains, police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse |
References
- ↑ Bryant, Richard A., et al. "A review of acute stress disorder in DSM‐5." Depression and anxiety 28.9 (2011): 802-817.
- ↑ Classen, Catherine, et al. "Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms." American Journal of Psychiatry (1998).
- ↑ Elklit, Ask, and Dorte M. Christiansen. "ASD and PTSD in rape victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2010).
- ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Print.
- ↑ Bryant, Richard A., et al. "A review of acute stress disorder in DSM‐5." Depression and anxiety 28.9 (2011): 802-817.
- ↑ Classen, Catherine, et al. "Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms." American Journal of Psychiatry (1998).
- ↑ Elklit, Ask, and Dorte M. Christiansen. "ASD and PTSD in rape victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2010).
- ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Print.