Acute promyelocytic leukemia causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Shyam Patel [2]
Acute promyelocytic leukemia causes
The cause of acute promyelocytic leukemia is sporadic rather than hereditary. It is caused by a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17, which creates a novel protein known as PML-RARA, leading to a differentiation block.[1] In general, the causes of acute leukemia of myeloid origin include chemicals, radiation, cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, and specific mutations.
- Benzene: Benzene is a chemical liquid chemical with a sweet odor and is used in a variety of products, including heaters and other appliances. This chemical is a known cause of acute myeloid leukemia.[2] In general, benzene exposure accounts for a very small fraction of acute promyelocytic leukemia, since most cases are sporadic.
- Radiation: Ionizing radiation is known cause of acute leukemia of myeloid origin. Radiation inducing DNA damage, which can result in leukemia.[2] In general, ionizing radiation accounts for a very small fraction of acute promyelocytic leukemia, since most cases are sporadic.
- Alkylating agents: Chemotherapy agents that function via DNA alkylation are known to contribute to acute promyelocytic leukemia. Alkylating agents include nitrogen mustards (such as carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)) and cyclophosphamide. Alkylating agents typically cause late-onset leukemia: the latency between the exposure to the alkylating agent and the diagnosis of leukemia is usually 5-7 years. There is frequently an antecedent myelodysplastic phase (a precursor state of acute leukemia).
- Topoisomerase II inhibitors: Chemotherapy agents that function via inhibition of topoisomerase II are known to contribute to acute promyelocytic leukemia. Topoisomerase II inhibitors include anthracyclines, etoposide (VP-16), and topotecan. Topoisomerase II inhibitors typically cause early-onset leukemia: the latency between the exposure to the topoisomerase II inhibitor and the diagnosis of leukemia is usually 2-3 years. These are usually associated with the MLL rearrangement on chromosome 11q23.
- Specific gene mutations: In rare cases, acute leukemia can arise in the setting of mutations. Most of these mutations are located in genes involved in epigenetic regulation. Such genes include TET2, DNMT3A, ASXL1, and EZH2. In addition to these, mutations in metabolic enzymes, such as IDH2 can contribute. These mutations are more common in acute myeloid leukemia compared to acute promyelocytic leukemia. Mutations can also occur in RNA splicing genes.
- TET2: Ten eleven translocation 2 (TET2) is a gene that encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Mutations in this gene result confer a worse prognosis for acute myeloid leukemia.[2]
- DNMT3A: DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3A) is a gene that encodes an enzyme that methylates DNA. In general, DNMT3A mutations are rare in acute promyelocytic leukemia.[2]
- ASXL1: Additional sex combs like 1 (ASXL1) is a transcription regulator and a modulator of histone methylation. Mutations in this gene are associated with a very poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia.
- EZH2: Enhancer of zeste (EZH2) is a gene involved in the maintenance of transcription repression. It encodes a subunit of a histone methyltransferase.[2]
- SRSF2: Serine and arginine rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2) is a gene that encodes a splicosome component. Mutations in this gene are also involved in myelodysplastic syndrome.
- SF3B1: Splicing factor 3b subunit 1 (SF3B1) is a gene that encodes for a splicosome component. Mutations in this gene are also involved in myelodysplastic syndrome and presence of ringed sideroblasts.
- IDH2: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is a gene that encodes for an enzyme that results in the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate, which is an oncometabolite that results in a differentiation block.[3] The differentiation block that arises from IDH2 mutations is similar pathophysiologically to the differentiation block that occurs with the PML-RARA translocation.[3]
References
- ↑ Chen C, Huang X, Wang K, Chen K, Gao D, Qian S (2018). "Early mortality in acute promyelocytic leukemia: Potential predictors". Oncol Lett. 15 (4): 4061–4069. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.7854. PMC 5835847. PMID 29541170.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Greim H, Kaden DA, Larson RA, Palermo CM, Rice JM, Ross D; et al. (2014). "The bone marrow niche, stem cells, and leukemia: impact of drugs, chemicals, and the environment". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1310: 7–31. doi:10.1111/nyas.12362. PMC 4002179. PMID 24495159.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Patel SA (2018). "Enasidenib-Induced Differentiation Syndrome in IDH2-Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia". JAMA Oncol. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4724. PMID 29346477.