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==Overview==
==Overview==
The word "diarrhea" was coined by Hippocrates. Diarrhea is derived from the Greek term "to flow through". Diarrhea is a common manifestation of [[Gastrointestinal diseases|gastrointestinal disease]].


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
The historical perspective of the acute diarrhea is as follows:<ref name="urlDr. Kiyoshi Shiga: Discoverer of the Dysentery Bacillus | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic">{{cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/29/5/1303/344334 |title=Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga: Discoverer of the Dysentery Bacillus &#124; Clinical Infectious Diseases &#124; Oxford Academic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlOverview and Historical Perspectives - Europe PMC Article - Europe PMC">{{cite web |url=http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4290666 |title=Overview and Historical Perspectives - Europe PMC Article - Europe PMC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlThe neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. III. The effect of iron on production of the toxin. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13051533 |title=The neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. III. The effect of iron on production of the toxin. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlPREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SHIGA TOXIN AND TOXOID. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19871559 |title=PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SHIGA TOXIN AND TOXOID. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlThe neurotoxin of Shigella shigae: morphological and functional lesions produced in the central nervous system of rabbits. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13269656 |title=The neurotoxin of Shigella shigae: morphological and functional lesions produced in the central nervous system of rabbits. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlObservations on the intoxication produced in mice and rabbits by the neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13269655 |title=Observations on the intoxication produced in mice and rabbits by the neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlThe action of the thermolabile toxin of Shigella dysenteriae on cells cultivated in vitro. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13842077 |title=The action of the thermolabile toxin of Shigella dysenteriae on cells cultivated in vitro. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlPathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) dysentery. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4631877 |title=Pathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) dysentery. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlRole of Shiga toxin in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, studied by using a Tox- mutant of Shigella dysenteriae 1. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3053452 |title=Role of Shiga toxin in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, studied by using a Tox- mutant of Shigella dysenteriae 1. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The historical perspective of the acute diarrhea is as follows:<ref name="urlDr. Kiyoshi Shiga: Discoverer of the Dysentery Bacillus | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic">{{cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/29/5/1303/344334 |title=Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga: Discoverer of the Dysentery Bacillus &#124; Clinical Infectious Diseases &#124; Oxford Academic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlOverview and Historical Perspectives - Europe PMC Article - Europe PMC">{{cite web |url=http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4290666 |title=Overview and Historical Perspectives - Europe PMC Article - Europe PMC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlThe neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. III. The effect of iron on production of the toxin. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13051533 |title=The neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. III. The effect of iron on production of the toxin. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlPREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SHIGA TOXIN AND TOXOID. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19871559 |title=PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SHIGA TOXIN AND TOXOID. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlThe neurotoxin of Shigella shigae: morphological and functional lesions produced in the central nervous system of rabbits. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13269656 |title=The neurotoxin of Shigella shigae: morphological and functional lesions produced in the central nervous system of rabbits. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlObservations on the intoxication produced in mice and rabbits by the neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13269655 |title=Observations on the intoxication produced in mice and rabbits by the neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlThe action of the thermolabile toxin of Shigella dysenteriae on cells cultivated in vitro. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13842077 |title=The action of the thermolabile toxin of Shigella dysenteriae on cells cultivated in vitro. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlPathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) dysentery. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4631877 |title=Pathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) dysentery. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlRole of Shiga toxin in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, studied by using a Tox- mutant of Shigella dysenteriae 1. - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3053452 |title=Role of Shiga toxin in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, studied by using a Tox- mutant of Shigella dysenteriae 1. - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*The word "diarrhea" was coined by Hippocrates.  
*The word "diarrhea" was coined by Hippocrates.  
*Diarrhea is derived from the Greek term "to flow through." Diarrhea is a common manifestation of the gastrointestinal disease.
*Diarrhea is derived from the Greek term "to flow through." Diarrhea is a common manifestation of [[Gastrointestinal diseases|gastrointestinal disease]].
*In 1898, Kioshi Shiga provided the first description of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 the bacteria for the epidemic bacterial dysentery.  
*In 1898, Kioshi Shiga provided the first description of [[Shigella dysenteriae type 1]], the [[bacteria]] responsible for [[bacterial]] [[dysentery]].  
*In 1903, Conradi reported that extracts of Shiga's bacillus in paralyzed and killed rabbits.  
*In 1903, Conradi reported that extracts of Shiga's bacillus are found in paralyzed and killed rabbits.  
*Similar findings were published independently by Neisser and Shiga (11).  
*Similar findings were published independently by Neisser and Shiga.  
*The research in the next 70 years showed the following
*The research in the next 70 years showed the following:
** The endotoxic activity associated with Shiga's bacillus from the activity of the protein Stx  
** '''''The endotoxic activity associated with Shiga's bacillus from the activity of the protein Stx'''''
** The partial purification of Stx  
** '''''The partial purification of Stx'''''
** The discovery that high iron concentrations inhibit Stx synthesis  
** '''''The discovery that high iron concentrations inhibit Stx synthesis'''''
** The seminal observation by Bridgwater et al. and Howard that Stx appears to target vascular endothelium in the brain
** '''''The seminal observation by Bridgwater et al. and Howard that Stx appears to target vascular endothelium in the brain'''''
** The discovery by Vicari et al. that Stx is lethal for certain epithelial cells in culture.
** '''''The discovery by Vicari et al. that Stx is lethal for certain epithelial cells in culture'''''
*Although these findings were of interest to toxicologists, none of the results proved a direct role for Stx in the pathogenesis of shigellosis.
*Only decades later, S. dysenteriae type 1, was it clear that production of Stx by the organism exacerbates the severity of the intestinal and systemic lesions in human subjects and increases the intestinal pathology in primate hosts.
*The ultimate proof of a role for Stx in shigellosis due to Shiga's bacillus was the establishment of a connection between the production of this and related toxins with the subsequent development of the hemolytic uremic syndrome.
*In 1972, Keusch and colleagues made the significant finding that Stx alone caused fluid accumulation and enteritis in ligated rabbit intestinal segments.
*The above research revealed that Stx can contribute to the intestinal phase of bacillary dysentery, i.e., bloody diarrhea.
*Brown and colleagues, and Donohue-Rolfe and coworkers and the subsequent testing of that material for all three bioactivities.
*Olsnes and Eiklid demonstrated the purification os Stx the same molecule responsible for its cytotoxic and lethal activities.


==References==
==References==
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ajay Gade MD[2]]

Overview

The word "diarrhea" was coined by Hippocrates. Diarrhea is derived from the Greek term "to flow through". Diarrhea is a common manifestation of gastrointestinal disease.

Historical Perspective

The historical perspective of the acute diarrhea is as follows:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

  • The word "diarrhea" was coined by Hippocrates.
  • Diarrhea is derived from the Greek term "to flow through." Diarrhea is a common manifestation of gastrointestinal disease.
  • In 1898, Kioshi Shiga provided the first description of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, the bacteria responsible for bacterial dysentery.
  • In 1903, Conradi reported that extracts of Shiga's bacillus are found in paralyzed and killed rabbits.
  • Similar findings were published independently by Neisser and Shiga.
  • The research in the next 70 years showed the following:
    • The endotoxic activity associated with Shiga's bacillus from the activity of the protein Stx
    • The partial purification of Stx
    • The discovery that high iron concentrations inhibit Stx synthesis
    • The seminal observation by Bridgwater et al. and Howard that Stx appears to target vascular endothelium in the brain
    • The discovery by Vicari et al. that Stx is lethal for certain epithelial cells in culture

References

  1. ↑ "Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga: Discoverer of the Dysentery Bacillus | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic".
  2. ↑ "Overview and Historical Perspectives - Europe PMC Article - Europe PMC".
  3. ↑ "The neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. III. The effect of iron on production of the toxin. - PubMed - NCBI".
  4. ↑ "PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SHIGA TOXIN AND TOXOID. - PubMed - NCBI".
  5. ↑ "The neurotoxin of Shigella shigae: morphological and functional lesions produced in the central nervous system of rabbits. - PubMed - NCBI".
  6. ↑ "Observations on the intoxication produced in mice and rabbits by the neurotoxin of Shigella shigae. - PubMed - NCBI".
  7. ↑ "The action of the thermolabile toxin of Shigella dysenteriae on cells cultivated in vitro. - PubMed - NCBI".
  8. ↑ "Pathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) dysentery. - PubMed - NCBI".
  9. ↑ "Role of Shiga toxin in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, studied by using a Tox- mutant of Shigella dysenteriae 1. - PubMed - NCBI".

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