Obesity natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Complications

Health consequences can be categorized by the effects of increased fat mass (osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, social stigmatization) or by the increased number of fat cells (diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).^[1]^[2] Increases in body fat alter the body's response to insulin, potentially leading to insulin resistance. Increased fat also creates a proinflammatory state, increasing the risk of thrombosis.^[2]

Medical field	Condition	Medical field	Condition
Cardiology	Ischemic heart disease: angina and myocardial infarction Congestive heart failure^[1] High blood pressure^[1] abnormal cholesterol levels^[1] Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism^[3]	Dermatology	Stretch marks^[4] Acanthosis nigricans^[4] Lymphedema^[4] Cellulitis^[4] Hirsutism^[4] Intertrigo^[5]
Endocrinology and Reproductive medicine	Diabetes mellitus^[1] Polycystic ovarian syndrome^[1] Menstrual disorders^[1] Infertility^[1]^[6] Complications during pregnancy^[1]^[6] Birth defects^[1] Intrauterine fetal death^[6]	Gastrointestinal	Gastroesophageal reflux disease^[1]^[7] Fatty liver disease^[1] Cholelithiasis (gallstones)^[1]
Neurology	Stroke^[1] Meralgia paresthetica^[8] Migraines^[9] Carpal tunnel syndrome^[10] Dementia^[11] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension^[12]	Oncology^[13]	Breast, ovarian Esophageal, colorectal Liver, pancreatic Gallbladder, stomach Endometrial, cervical Prostate, kidney Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma
Psychiatry	Depression in women^[1] Social stigmatization^[1]	Respirology	Obstructive sleep apnea^[1]^[14] Obesity hypoventilation syndrome^[1]^[14] Asthma^[1]^[14] Increased complications during general anaesthesia^[1]^[15]
Rheumatology and Orthopedics	Gout^[16] poor mobility^[17] Osteoarthritis^[1] Low back pain^[18]	Urology and Nephrology	Erectile dysfunction^[19] Urinary incontinence^[20] Chronic renal failure^[21] Hypogonadism^[22]

Prognosis

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 ^1.17 ^1.18 ^1.19 ^1.20 Haslam DW, James WP (2005). "Obesity". Lancet. 366 (9492): 1197–209. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1. PMID 16198769.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Bray GA (2004). "Medical consequences of obesity". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (6): 2583–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0535. PMID 15181027.
↑ Darvall KA, Sam RC, Silverman SH, Bradbury AW, Adam DJ (2007). "Obesity and thrombosis". Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 33 (2): 223–33. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.10.006. PMID 17185009. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Yosipovitch G, DeVore A, Dawn A (2007). "Obesity and the skin: skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 56 (6): 901–16, quiz 917–20. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.12.004. PMID 17504714. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Hahler B (2006). "An overview of dermatological conditions commonly associated with the obese patient". Ostomy Wound Manage. 52 (6): 34–6, 38, 40 passim. PMID 16799182. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Arendas K, Qiu Q, Gruslin A (2008). "Obesity in pregnancy: pre-conceptional to postpartum consequences". J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 30 (6): 477–88. PMID 18611299. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Anand G, Katz PO (2008). "Gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity". Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 8 (4): 233–9. PMID 19107097.
↑ Harney D, Patijn J (2007). "Meralgia paresthetica: diagnosis and management strategies". Pain Med. 8 (8): 669–77. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00227.x. PMID 18028045.
↑ Bigal ME, Lipton RB (2008). "Obesity and chronic daily headache". Curr Pain Headache Rep. 12 (1): 56–61. doi:10.1007/s11916-008-0011-8. PMID 18417025. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Sharifi-Mollayousefi A, Yazdchi-Marandi M, Ayramlou H; et al. (2008). "Assessment of body mass index and hand anthropometric measurements as independent risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome". Folia Morphol. (Warsz). 67 (1): 36–42. PMID 18335412. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y (2008). "Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Obes Rev. 9 (3): 204–18. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00473.x. PMID 18331422. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Wall M (2008). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 8 (2): 87–93. doi:10.1007/s11910-008-0015-0. PMID 18460275. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (2003). "Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (17): 1625–38. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021423. PMID 12711737. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Poulain M, Doucet M, Major GC; et al. (2006). "The effect of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies". CMAJ. 174 (9): 1293–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051299. PMC 1435949. PMID 16636330. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Adams JP, Murphy PG (2000). "Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care". Br J Anaesth. 85 (1): 91–108. doi:10.1093/bja/85.1.91. PMID 10927998. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Curhan G (2005). "Obesity, weight change, hypertension, diuretic use, and risk of gout in men: the health professionals follow-up study". Arch. Intern. Med. 165 (7): 742–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.7.742. PMID 15824292. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Tukker A, Visscher T, Picavet H (2008). "Overweight and health problems of the lower extremities: osteoarthritis, pain and disability". Public Health Nutr: 1–10. doi:10.1017/S1368980008002103. PMID 18426630. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Molenaar EA, Numans ME, van Ameijden EJ, Grobbee DE (2008). "[Considerable comorbidity in overweight adults: results from the Utrecht Health Project]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (in Dutch; Flemish). 152 (45): 2457–63. PMID 19051798. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Marfella R, D'Andrea F, D'Armiento M, Giugliano D (2004). "Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: A randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 291 (24): 2978–84. doi:10.1001/jama.291.24.2978. PMID 15213209.
↑ Hunskaar S (2008). "A systematic review of overweight and obesity as risk factors and targets for clinical intervention for urinary incontinence in women". Neurourol. Urodyn. 27 (8): 749–57. doi:10.1002/nau.20635. PMID 18951445.
↑ Ejerblad E, Fored CM, Lindblad P, Fryzek J, McLaughlin JK, Nyrén O (2006). "Obesity and risk for chronic renal failure". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 (6): 1695–702. doi:10.1681/ASN.2005060638. PMID 16641153.
↑ Makhsida N, Shah J, Yan G, Fisch H, Shabsigh R (2005). "Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: Implications for testosterone therapy". J. Urol. 174 (3): 827–34. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000169490.78443.59. PMID 16093964. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[HaslamJames-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 ^1.17 ^1.18 ^1.19 ^1.20 Haslam DW, James WP (2005). "Obesity". Lancet. 366 (9492): 1197–209. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1. PMID 16198769.

[Bray2004-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Bray GA (2004). "Medical consequences of obesity". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (6): 2583–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0535. PMID 15181027.

[3] Darvall KA, Sam RC, Silverman SH, Bradbury AW, Adam DJ (2007). "Obesity and thrombosis". Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 33 (2): 223–33. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.10.006. PMID 17185009. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[derm2007-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Yosipovitch G, DeVore A, Dawn A (2007). "Obesity and the skin: skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 56 (6): 901–16, quiz 917–20. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.12.004. PMID 17504714. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[5] Hahler B (2006). "An overview of dermatological conditions commonly associated with the obese patient". Ostomy Wound Manage. 52 (6): 34–6, 38, 40 passim. PMID 16799182. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[OBGYN2008-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Arendas K, Qiu Q, Gruslin A (2008). "Obesity in pregnancy: pre-conceptional to postpartum consequences". J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 30 (6): 477–88. PMID 18611299. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[GERD2008-7] Anand G, Katz PO (2008). "Gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity". Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 8 (4): 233–9. PMID 19107097.

[8] Harney D, Patijn J (2007). "Meralgia paresthetica: diagnosis and management strategies". Pain Med. 8 (8): 669–77. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00227.x. PMID 18028045.

[9] Bigal ME, Lipton RB (2008). "Obesity and chronic daily headache". Curr Pain Headache Rep. 12 (1): 56–61. doi:10.1007/s11916-008-0011-8. PMID 18417025. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[10] Sharifi-Mollayousefi A, Yazdchi-Marandi M, Ayramlou H; et al. (2008). "Assessment of body mass index and hand anthropometric measurements as independent risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome". Folia Morphol. (Warsz). 67 (1): 36–42. PMID 18335412. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[11] Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y (2008). "Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Obes Rev. 9 (3): 204–18. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00473.x. PMID 18331422. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[12] Wall M (2008). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 8 (2): 87–93. doi:10.1007/s11910-008-0015-0. PMID 18460275. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[13] Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (2003). "Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (17): 1625–38. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021423. PMID 12711737. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Poulain-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Poulain M, Doucet M, Major GC; et al. (2006). "The effect of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies". CMAJ. 174 (9): 1293–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051299. PMC 1435949. PMID 16636330. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Anes2000-15] Adams JP, Murphy PG (2000). "Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care". Br J Anaesth. 85 (1): 91–108. doi:10.1093/bja/85.1.91. PMID 10927998. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[16] Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Curhan G (2005). "Obesity, weight change, hypertension, diuretic use, and risk of gout in men: the health professionals follow-up study". Arch. Intern. Med. 165 (7): 742–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.7.742. PMID 15824292. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[17] Tukker A, Visscher T, Picavet H (2008). "Overweight and health problems of the lower extremities: osteoarthritis, pain and disability". Public Health Nutr: 1–10. doi:10.1017/S1368980008002103. PMID 18426630. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[18] Molenaar EA, Numans ME, van Ameijden EJ, Grobbee DE (2008). "[Considerable comorbidity in overweight adults: results from the Utrecht Health Project]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (in Dutch; Flemish). 152 (45): 2457–63. PMID 19051798. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[19] Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Marfella R, D'Andrea F, D'Armiento M, Giugliano D (2004). "Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: A randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 291 (24): 2978–84. doi:10.1001/jama.291.24.2978. PMID 15213209.

[20] Hunskaar S (2008). "A systematic review of overweight and obesity as risk factors and targets for clinical intervention for urinary incontinence in women". Neurourol. Urodyn. 27 (8): 749–57. doi:10.1002/nau.20635. PMID 18951445.

[21] Ejerblad E, Fored CM, Lindblad P, Fryzek J, McLaughlin JK, Nyrén O (2006). "Obesity and risk for chronic renal failure". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 (6): 1695–702. doi:10.1681/ASN.2005060638. PMID 16641153.

[22] Makhsida N, Shah J, Yan G, Fisch H, Shabsigh R (2005). "Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: Implications for testosterone therapy". J. Urol. 174 (3): 827–34. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000169490.78443.59. PMID 16093964. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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