Esophageal atresia

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Esophageal atresia
ICD-10 Q39.0, Q39.1
ICD-9 750.3
DiseasesDB 30035
MeSH D004933

WikiDoc Resources for Esophageal atresia

Articles

Most recent articles on Esophageal atresia

Most cited articles on Esophageal atresia

Review articles on Esophageal atresia

Articles on Esophageal atresia in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Esophageal atresia

Images of Esophageal atresia

Photos of Esophageal atresia

Podcasts & MP3s on Esophageal atresia

Videos on Esophageal atresia

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Esophageal atresia

Bandolier on Esophageal atresia

TRIP on Esophageal atresia

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Esophageal atresia at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Esophageal atresia

Clinical Trials on Esophageal atresia at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Esophageal atresia

NICE Guidance on Esophageal atresia

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Esophageal atresia

CDC on Esophageal atresia

Books

Books on Esophageal atresia

News

Esophageal atresia in the news

Be alerted to news on Esophageal atresia

News trends on Esophageal atresia

Commentary

Blogs on Esophageal atresia

Definitions

Definitions of Esophageal atresia

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Esophageal atresia

Discussion groups on Esophageal atresia

Patient Handouts on Esophageal atresia

Directions to Hospitals Treating Esophageal atresia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Esophageal atresia

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Esophageal atresia

Causes & Risk Factors for Esophageal atresia

Diagnostic studies for Esophageal atresia

Treatment of Esophageal atresia

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Esophageal atresia

International

Esophageal atresia en Espanol

Esophageal atresia en Francais

Business

Esophageal atresia in the Marketplace

Patents on Esophageal atresia

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Esophageal atresia

For patient information click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmad Muneeb, MBBS[2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Differentiating esophageal atresia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The prevalence of esophageal atresia is approximately [1.3-4.6] per 100,000 births worldwide.


Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
  • [Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
  • Esophageal atresia is a congenita defect. It may be diagnosed prenatally or postnatally.

Gender

  • [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
  • [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
  • The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
  • [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
  • [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

  • The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
  • [criterion 1]
  • [criterion 2]
  • [criterion 3]
  • [criterion 4]

History and Symptoms

  • [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
  • Symptoms of esophageal atresia may include the following:

Physical Examination

  • Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
  • Physical examination may be remarkable for:

Laboratory Findings

  • There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
  • A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
  • An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
  • Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

X-ray

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of esophageal atresia. Usually, it is impossible to pass oral catheter beyond 10 to 15cm in esophageal atresia. Anterioposterior chest x-ray can confirm it by showing twisted catheter in the upper esophagus. Plain x-ray may also show absence of gastric bubble. If the diagnosis is unconfirmed, water-soluble contrast under fluoroscopic guidance can confirm the presence of esophageal atresia.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Ultrasound may be helpful in the antenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia. Findings on an ultrasound suggestive of [esophageal atresia] include polyhydramnios from 24th week of gestation onwards, small or absentstomach bubble (indicating absence of fluid in stomach) from 14th week of gestation onwards. These findings are not specific for esophageal atresia and may be present in other congenital abnormalities. Dilated esophagus with blind end is sometimes seen on ultrasound as an echoic area in the midline of fetal neck(pouch sign) from 3rd trimester onwards. Polyhydramnios and stomach bubble sign may be absent if distal tracheo-esophageal fistula is present with esophageal atresia as some amniotic fluid may pass through the fistula. If esophageal atresia is accompanied by proximal tracheo-esophageal fistula then pouch sign may be difficult to observe owing to leakage of fluid through the fistula.

CT scan

Ct scan is not routinely used for diagnosis of esophageal atresia. When used, 3D Ct scan can provide detailed information regarding anatomic aspects of esophageal atresia.

MRI

Fetal MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [[esophageal atresia], as it can confirm the findings detected on ultrasound. In addition to polyhydramnios, pouch sign, bubble sign, MRI can also detect distended fetal hypopharynx sign which occurs as a consequence of hypopharynx distension because of obstruction.

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with esophageal atresia.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Postnatally,esophagogastroscopy may be helpful in the diagnosis of esophageal atresia. It is also helpful in evaluating the complications of esophageal atresia like GERD.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • There is no medical therapy for esophageal atresa; the mainstay of therapy is surgery.

Surgery

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
  • Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
  • Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References

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