Sandbox:Hannan1
Neuroendocrine tumor | Clinical manifestations | Dianosis | Gold
standard |
Other features | |||||||
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Symptoms | Signs | Blood & Urine | Gross | Histology | Immunohistochemistry | Imaging | Others | ||||
Medullary thyroid carcinoma[1][2][3] |
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chemistry and calcitonin levels |
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Pheochromocytoma[4][5][6][7][8] |
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Merkel cell carcinoma[9][10][11] |
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Parathyroid adenoma[12][13][14] |
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Staining for
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Paraganglioma[15][16][17][18] |
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N/A |
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Pituitary gland tumors | |||||||||||
Neuroendocrine tumors of the testicles[19][20][21] |
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For metastasis and grading:
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Neuroendocrine tumors of the ovaries[22][23][24] |
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For metastasis and grading:
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Thymic neuroendocrine cancer[25][26][27][28] |
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For metastasis and grading:
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Jejuno-Ileal neuroendocrine tumors | |||||||||||
Appendix neuroendocrine tumors | |||||||||||
Colon neuroendocrine tumors | |||||||||||
Rectum neuroendocrine tumors |
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Gastric neuroendocrine tumors | Type I GNET[29][30][31]
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Type II GNET[29][30][32] |
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Type III GNET[33][34][35] |
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Type IV GNET[36][37][38]
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Structural abnormality → no HCL secretion → achlorhydria →
hypergastrinemia → hyperplasia | |
Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors | Gastrinoma[39][40][41][42] |
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Somatostatinomas[43][44][45][46] |
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Gangliocytic paraganglionomas[47][48][49][50] |
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Nonfunctioning NET[51] |
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neuroendocrine carcinomas[52][53][54][55] |
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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours | Gastrinoma[39][40][41][42] |
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Insulinoma[56][57][58][59] |
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Glucagonoma[60][61][62][63] |
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Somatostatinoma[43][44][45] |
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VIPoma[64][65][66][67] |
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ACTHoma[68][69][70][71] |
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Lung neuroendocrine tumors | Typical carcinoid tumours[72][73][74][75] |
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Atypical carcinoid tumours[72][73][74][75] |
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Large cell lung neuroendocrine carcinomas[76][77][78][79] |
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Associated
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Small cell lung neuroendocrine carcinomas[80][81][82][83] |
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Associated
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References
- ↑ Segura S, Ramos-Rivera G, Suhrland M (2018). "Educational Case: Endocrine Neoplasm: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma". Acad Pathol. 5: 2374289518775722. doi:10.1177/2374289518775722. PMC 6024338. PMID 29978018.
- ↑ Roy M, Chen H, Sippel RS (2013). "Current understanding and management of medullary thyroid cancer". Oncologist. 18 (10): 1093–100. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0053. PMC 3805151. PMID 24037980.
- ↑ Chen H, Sippel RS, O'Dorisio MS, Vinik AI, Lloyd RV, Pacak K (August 2010). "The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer". Pancreas. 39 (6): 775–83. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb4f0. PMC 3419007. PMID 20664475.
- ↑ Martucci VL, Pacak K (2014). "Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment". Curr Probl Cancer. 38 (1): 7–41. doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2014.01.001. PMC 3992879. PMID 24636754.
- ↑ Kantorovich V, Pacak K (2010). "Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma". Prog. Brain Res. 182: 343–73. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(10)82015-1. PMC 4714594. PMID 20541673.
- ↑ Miller AD, Masek-Hammerman K, Dalecki K, Mansfield KG, Westmoreland SV (November 2009). "Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of pheochromocytoma in 6 cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)". Vet. Pathol. 46 (6): 1221–9. doi:10.1354/vp.09-VP-0022-M-FL. PMID 19605896.
- ↑ Kantorovich V, Eisenhofer G, Pacak K (December 2008). "Pheochromocytoma: an endocrine stress mimicking disorder". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1148: 462–8. doi:10.1196/annals.1410.081. PMC 2693284. PMID 19120142.
- ↑ Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M (December 2014). "Laboratory evaluation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma". Clin. Chem. 60 (12): 1486–99. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2014.224832. PMID 25332315.
- ↑ Becker JC, Stang A, DeCaprio JA, Cerroni L, Lebbé C, Veness M, Nghiem P (October 2017). "Merkel cell carcinoma". Nat Rev Dis Primers. 3: 17077. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.77. PMC 6054450. PMID 29072302.
- ↑ Han SY, North JP, Canavan T, Kim N, Yu SS (December 2012). "Merkel cell carcinoma". Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 26 (6): 1351–74. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2012.08.007. PMID 23116583.
- ↑ Amaral T, Leiter U, Garbe C (December 2017). "Merkel cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy". Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 18 (4): 517–532. doi:10.1007/s11154-017-9433-0. PMID 28916903.
- ↑ Wieneke JA, Smith A (December 2008). "Parathyroid adenoma". Head Neck Pathol. 2 (4): 305–8. doi:10.1007/s12105-008-0088-8. PMID 20614300.
- ↑ Madkhali T, Alhefdhi A, Chen H, Elfenbein D (2016). "Primary hyperparathyroidism". Ulus Cerrahi Derg. 32 (1): 58–66. doi:10.5152/UCD.2015.3032. PMC 4771429. PMID 26985167.
- ↑ Costa-Guda J, Arnold A (April 2014). "Genetic and epigenetic changes in sporadic endocrine tumors: parathyroid tumors". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 386 (1–2): 46–54. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.005. PMC 3943641. PMID 24035866.
- ↑ Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M (December 2014). "Laboratory evaluation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma". Clin. Chem. 60 (12): 1486–99. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2014.224832. PMID 25332315.
- ↑ Baez JC, Jagannathan JP, Krajewski K, O'Regan K, Zukotynski K, Kulke M, Ramaiya NH (May 2012). "Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: imaging characteristics". Cancer Imaging. 12: 153–62. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0016. PMC 3362869. PMID 22571874.
- ↑ Liu YQ, Yue JQ (2013). "Paraganglioma of the vulva: a case report and review of the literature". Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 6 (10): 2247–50. PMC 3796250. PMID 24133606.
- ↑ Wang ZH, Wang YT, Cheng F, Hu Y (October 2018). "Pathological features of paraganglioma in the lumbar spinal canal: A case report". Medicine (Baltimore). 97 (41): e12586. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000012586. PMC 6203573. PMID 30313044.
- ↑ Amine MM, Mohamed B, Mourad H, Majed H, Slim C, Mehdi B, Hela M, Nouri R, Rim K, Tahya B, Nabil MM (April 2017). "Neuroendocrine Testicular Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Curr Urol. 10 (1): 15–25. doi:10.1159/000447146. PMC 5436018. PMID 28559773.
- ↑ Park SB, Kim JK, Cho KS (March 2006). "Imaging findings of a primary bilateral testicular carcinoid tumor associated with carcinoid syndrome". J Ultrasound Med. 25 (3): 413–6. PMID 16495507.
- ↑ Eichhorn JH, Young RH (June 2001). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the genital tract". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 115 Suppl: S94–112. doi:10.1309/64CW-WKGK-49EF-BYD1. PMID 11993694.
- ↑ Orsi NM, Menon M (August 2016). "Primary ovarian neuroendocrine tumor arising in association with a mature cystic teratoma: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 17: 83–5. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2016.07.003. PMC 4971231. PMID 27508272.
- ↑ Kaiho-Sakuma M, Toyoshima M, Watanabe M, Toki A, Kameda S, Minato T, Niikura H, Yaegashi N (February 2018). "Aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the ovary with multiple metastases treated with everolimus: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 23: 20–23. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2018.01.002. PMC 5760241. PMID 29326972.
- ↑ Eichhorn JH, Young RH (June 2001). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the genital tract". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 115 Suppl: S94–112. doi:10.1309/64CW-WKGK-49EF-BYD1. PMID 11993694.
- ↑ Bohnenberger H, Dinter H, König A, Ströbel P (November 2017). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus and mediastinum". J Thorac Dis. 9 (Suppl 15): S1448–S1457. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.02.02. PMC 5690954. PMID 29201448.
- ↑ Moran CA, Suster S (July 2000). "Neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid tumor) of the thymus. A clinicopathologic analysis of 80 cases". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 114 (1): 100–10. doi:10.1309/3PDN-PMT5-EQTM-H0CD. PMID 10884805.
- ↑ Boubacar E, Atsame-Ebang G, Rabiou S, Fatimazahra A, Mazti A, Sidibé IS, Tahiri L, Hammas N, Yassine O, Mohamed S, Laila C, Hinde EF (June 2017). "Thymic large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma - a rare and aggressive tumor: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 11 (1): 155. doi:10.1186/s13256-017-1331-2. PMC 5467048. PMID 28602157.
- ↑ Domen H, Hida Y, Sato M, Takahashi H, Ishikawa T, Shionoya Y, Hashimoto M, Nishiyama K, Aoki Y, Inoko K, Furukawa S, Ichinokawa K, Yamada H (November 2018). "Resected thymic large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: report of a case". Surg Case Rep. 4 (1): 133. doi:10.1186/s40792-018-0540-2. PMC 6240022. PMID 30446840.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Sundin A, Arnold R, Baudin E, Cwikla JB, Eriksson B, Fanti S, Fazio N, Giammarile F, Hicks RJ, Kjaer A, Krenning E, Kwekkeboom D, Lombard-Bohas C, O'Connor JM, O'Toole D, Rockall A, Wiedenmann B, Valle JW, Vullierme MP (2017). "ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Radiological, Nuclear Medicine & Hybrid Imaging". Neuroendocrinology. 105 (3): 212–244. doi:10.1159/000471879. PMID 28355596.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Chin JL, O'Toole D (November 2017). "Diagnosis and Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors". Clin Endosc. 50 (6): 520–529. doi:10.5946/ce.2017.181. PMID 29207862.
- ↑ Dias AR, Azevedo BC, Alban L, Yagi OK, Ramos M, Jacob CE, Barchi LC, Cecconello I, Ribeiro U, Zilberstein B (2017). "GASTRIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR: REVIEW AND UPDATE". Arq Bras Cir Dig. 30 (2): 150–154. doi:10.1590/0102-6720201700020016. PMID 29257854. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
- ↑ Pritchard DM (May 2011). "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: still a diagnostic challenge in the 21st century?". Gastroenterology. 140 (5): 1380–3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.026. PMID 21443889.
- ↑ Chin JL, O'Toole D (November 2017). "Diagnosis and Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors". Clin Endosc. 50 (6): 520–529. doi:10.5946/ce.2017.181. PMC 5719910. PMID 29207862.
- ↑ Dias AR, Azevedo BC, Alban L, Yagi OK, Ramos M, Jacob CE, Barchi LC, Cecconello I, Ribeiro U, Zilberstein B (2017). "GASTRIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR: REVIEW AND UPDATE". Arq Bras Cir Dig. 30 (2): 150–154. doi:10.1590/0102-6720201700020016. PMC 5543797. PMID 29257854. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
- ↑ Basuroy R, Srirajaskanthan R, Prachalias A, Quaglia A, Ramage JK (May 2014). "Review article: the investigation and management of gastric neuroendocrine tumours". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 39 (10): 1071–84. doi:10.1111/apt.12698. PMID 24628514.
- ↑ Li TT, Qiu F, Qian ZR, Wan J, Qi XK, Wu BY (January 2014). "Classification, clinicopathologic features and treatment of gastric neuroendocrine tumors". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (1): 118–25. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.118. PMID 24415864.
- ↑ Hosoya Y, Nagai H, Koinuma K, Yasuda Y, Kaneko Y, Saito K (2003). "A case of aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach". Gastric Cancer. 6 (1): 55–9. doi:10.1007/s101200300007. PMID 12673427.
- ↑ Rindi G, Klöppel G (2004). "Endocrine tumors of the gut and pancreas tumor biology and classification". Neuroendocrinology. 80 Suppl 1: 12–5. doi:10.1159/000080733. PMID 15477709.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Ro C, Chai W, Yu VE, Yu R (June 2013). "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis,and treatment". Chin J Cancer. 32 (6): 312–24. doi:10.5732/cjc.012.10295. PMC 3845620. PMID 23237225.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Zhang WD, Liu DR, Wang P, Zhao JG, Wang ZF, Chen LI (May 2016). "Clinical treatment of gastrinoma: A case report and review of the literature". Oncol Lett. 11 (5): 3433–3437. doi:10.3892/ol.2016.4397. PMC 4840999. PMID 27123130.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Epelboym I, Mazeh H (January 2014). "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: classical considerations and current controversies". Oncologist. 19 (1): 44–50. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0369. PMC 3903066. PMID 24319020.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Yang RH, Chu YK (2015). "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Revelation of the gastrinoma triangle". Radiol Case Rep. 10 (1): 827. doi:10.2484/rcr.v10i1.827. PMC 4921170. PMID 27408649.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Williamson JM, Thorn CC, Spalding D, Williamson RC (July 2011). "Pancreatic and peripancreatic somatostatinomas". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 93 (5): 356–60. doi:10.1308/003588411X582681. PMC 3365451. PMID 21943457.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Vinik A, Pacak K, Feliberti E, Perry RR. PMID 25905263. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ 45.0 45.1 Dinesh U, Pervatikar SK, Rao R (October 2009). "FNAC diagnosis of pancreatic somatostatinoma". J Cytol. 26 (4): 153–5. doi:10.4103/0970-9371.62187. PMC 3168003. PMID 21938182.
- ↑ Kim JA, Choi WH, Kim CN, Moon YS, Chang SH, Lee HR (March 2011). "Duodenal somatostatinoma: a case report and review". Korean J. Intern. Med. 26 (1): 103–7. doi:10.3904/kjim.2011.26.1.103. PMC 3056248. PMID 21437171.
- ↑ Wang B, Zou Y, Zhang H, Xu L, Jiang X, Sun K (2015). "Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma: report of two cases and review of literature". Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8 (9): 9752–9. PMC 4637770. PMID 26617685.
- ↑ Scheithauer BW, Nora FE, LeChago J, Wick MR, Crawford BG, Weiland LH, Carney JA (November 1986). "Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. Clinicopathologic and immunocytochemical study of 11 cases". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 86 (5): 559–65. PMID 2877566.
- ↑ Lei L, Cobb C, Perez MN (April 2016). "Functioning gangliocytic paraganglioma of the ampulla: clinicopathological correlations and cytologic features". J Gastrointest Oncol. 7 (Suppl 1): S107–13. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.028. PMC 4783616. PMID 27034808.
- ↑ Sánchez-Pérez MA, Luque-de León E, Muñoz-Juárez M, Moreno-Paquentin E, Genovés-Gómez H, Torreblanca-Marín MA (April 2009). "Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma". Can J Surg. 52 (2): E27–8. PMC 2673151. PMID 19399194.
- ↑ Vanoli A, La Rosa S, Klersy C, Grillo F, Albarello L, Inzani F, Maragliano R, Manca R, Luinetti O, Milione M, Doglioni C, Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E (2017). "Four Neuroendocrine Tumor Types and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Duodenum: Analysis of 203 Cases". Neuroendocrinology. 104 (2): 112–125. doi:10.1159/000444803. PMID 26910321.
- ↑ Vanoli A, La Rosa S, Klersy C, Grillo F, Albarello L, Inzani F, Maragliano R, Manca R, Luinetti O, Milione M, Doglioni C, Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E (2017). "Four Neuroendocrine Tumor Types and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Duodenum: Analysis of 203 Cases". Neuroendocrinology. 104 (2): 112–125. doi:10.1159/000444803. PMID 26910321.
- ↑ Ilett EE, Langer SW, Olsen IH, Federspiel B, Kjær A, Knigge U (April 2015). "Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Gastroenteropancreatic System: A Comprehensive Review". Diagnostics (Basel). 5 (2): 119–76. doi:10.3390/diagnostics5020119. PMC 4665594. PMID 26854147.
- ↑ Tsai SD, Kawamoto S, Wolfgang CL, Hruban RH, Fishman EK (June 2015). "Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: retrospective evaluation of CT imaging features and pattern of metastatic disease on dual-phase MDCT with pathologic correlation". Abdom Imaging. 40 (5): 1121–30. doi:10.1007/s00261-014-0322-7. PMC 4450119. PMID 25504375.
- ↑ Hirabayashi K, Zamboni G, Nishi T, Tanaka A, Kajiwara H, Nakamura N (2013). "Histopathology of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms". Front Oncol. 3: 2. doi:10.3389/fonc.2013.00002. PMC 3551285. PMID 23346552.
- ↑ Mathur A, Gorden P, Libutti SK (October 2009). "Insulinoma". Surg. Clin. North Am. 89 (5): 1105–21. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.009. PMC 3470467. PMID 19836487.
- ↑ Shin JJ, Gorden P, Libutti SK (February 2010). "Insulinoma: pathophysiology, localization and management". Future Oncol. 6 (2): 229–37. doi:10.2217/fon.09.165. PMID 20146582.
- ↑ Dromain C, Déandréis D, Scoazec JY, Goere D, Ducreux M, Baudin E, Tselikas L (December 2016). "Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas". Diagn Interv Imaging. 97 (12): 1241–1257. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2016.07.012. PMID 27876341.
- ↑ Okabayashi T, Shima Y, Sumiyoshi T, Kozuki A, Ito S, Ogawa Y, Kobayashi M, Hanazaki K (February 2013). "Diagnosis and management of insulinoma". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (6): 829–37. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i6.829. PMC 3574879. PMID 23430217.
- ↑ Ro C, Chai W, Yu VE, Yu R (June 2013). "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis,and treatment". Chin J Cancer. 32 (6): 312–24. doi:10.5732/cjc.012.10295. PMC 3845620. PMID 23237225.
- ↑ Song X, Zheng S, Yang G, Xiong G, Cao Z, Feng M, Zhang T, Zhao Y (March 2018). "Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome". Oncol Lett. 15 (3): 2749–2755. doi:10.3892/ol.2017.7703. PMC 5778850. PMID 29435000.
- ↑ Sandhu S, Jialal I. PMID 30137784. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Wei J, Song X, Liu X, Ji Z, Ranasinha N, Wu J, Miao Y (2018). "Glucagonoma and Glucagonoma Syndrome: One Center's Experience of Six Cases". J Pancreat Cancer. 4 (1): 11–16. doi:10.1089/pancan.2018.0003. PMC 5999015. PMID 30631852.
- ↑ De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Vinik A. PMID 25905195. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Lubinski SM, Hendrix T (August 2004). "Images in clinical medicine. VIPoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (8): 808. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm960440. PMID 15317894.
- ↑ Sandhu S, Jialal I. PMID 29939520. Missing or empty
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(help) - ↑ Elshafie O, Grant C, Al-Hamdani A, Jain R, Woodhouse N (February 2011). "VIPoma Crisis: Immediate and life saving reduction of massive stool volumes on starting treatment with octreotide". Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 11 (1): 104–7. PMID 21509215.
- ↑ Sun J (February 2017). "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors". Intractable Rare Dis Res. 6 (1): 21–28. doi:10.5582/irdr.2017.01007. PMID 28357177.
- ↑ Maragliano R, Vanoli A, Albarello L, Milione M, Basturk O, Klimstra DS, Wachtel A, Uccella S, Vicari E, Milesi M, Davì MV, Scarpa A, Sessa F, Capella C, La Rosa S (March 2015). "ACTH-secreting pancreatic neoplasms associated with Cushing syndrome: clinicopathologic study of 11 cases and review of the literature". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 39 (3): 374–82. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000340. PMID 25353285.
- ↑ Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT (December 2012). "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: clinical features, diagnosis and medical treatment: advances". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (6): 737–53. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.12.003. PMC 3627221. PMID 23582916.
- ↑ Byun J, Kim SH, Jeong HS, Rhee Y, Lee WJ, Kang CM (February 2017). "ACTH-producing neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas: a case report and literature review". Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 21 (1): 61–65. doi:10.14701/ahbps.2017.21.1.61. PMC 5353908. PMID 28317048.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M (July 2012). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung". Cancers (Basel). 4 (3): 777–98. doi:10.3390/cancers4030777. PMC 3712715. PMID 24213466.
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 Yang Z, Wang Z, Duan Y, Xu S (November 2016). "Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of resected cases of carcinoid tumors of the lung". Thorac Cancer. 7 (6): 633–638. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12377. PMID 27755793.
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Herde RF, Kokeny KE, Reddy CB, Akerley WL, Hu N, Boltax JP, Hitchcock YJ (January 2018). "Primary Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumor: A Long-term Single Institution Experience". Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 41 (1): 24–29. doi:10.1097/COC.0000000000000221. PMID 26270444.
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Papaxoinis G, Lamarca A, Quinn AM, Mansoor W, Nonaka D (May 2018). "Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors in Central and Peripheral Locations". Endocr. Pathol. doi:10.1007/s12022-018-9530-y. PMC 6097045. PMID 29770932.
- ↑ Hiroshima K, Mino-Kenudson M (October 2017). "Update on large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma". Transl Lung Cancer Res. 6 (5): 530–539. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2017.06.12. PMC 5653527. PMID 29114469.
- ↑ Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Papaccio F, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F (August 2015). "Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Therapy". J Thorac Oncol. 10 (8): 1133–41. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000589. PMC 4503246. PMID 26039012.
- ↑ Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M (July 2012). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung". Cancers (Basel). 4 (3): 777–98. doi:10.3390/cancers4030777. PMC 3712715. PMID 24213466.
- ↑ Kanaji N, Watanabe N, Kita N, Bandoh S, Tadokoro A, Ishii T, Dobashi H, Matsunaga T (August 2014). "Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer". World J Clin Oncol. 5 (3): 197–223. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.197. PMC 4127595. PMID 25114839.
- ↑ Hiroshima K, Mino-Kenudson M (October 2017). "Update on large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma". Transl Lung Cancer Res. 6 (5): 530–539. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2017.06.12. PMC 5653527. PMID 29114469.
- ↑ Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Papaccio F, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F (August 2015). "Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Therapy". J Thorac Oncol. 10 (8): 1133–41. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000589. PMC 4503246. PMID 26039012.
- ↑ Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M (July 2012). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung". Cancers (Basel). 4 (3): 777–98. doi:10.3390/cancers4030777. PMC 3712715. PMID 24213466.
- ↑ Kanaji N, Watanabe N, Kita N, Bandoh S, Tadokoro A, Ishii T, Dobashi H, Matsunaga T (August 2014). "Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer". World J Clin Oncol. 5 (3): 197–223. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.197. PMC 4127595. PMID 25114839.