Ulnar bone fracture pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammadmain Rezazadehsaatlou[2] ;
Overview
Ulnar Fracture usually classified according to the level of fracture, the pattern of the fracture, the degree of displacement, the presence or absence of comminution or segment bone loss, and whether it is open or closed. Each of these factors may have some bearing on the type of treatment to be selected and the ultimate prognosis.
Mechanism
The ulnar fracture is caused by a fall on the outstretched hands with the wrist in dorsiflexion position. The form and severity of this fracture depends on the position of the wrist at the moment of hitting the ground. The width of this mentioned angle affects the localization of the fracture. Pronation, supination and abduction positions leads the direction of the force and the compression of carpus and different appearances of injury.
- Open fracture: The ulnar bone breaks and pierces the skin also the ligament, muscle, and tendon damage, may be affected.
- Closed fracture: The ulnar bone do not cut the skin. However, injury to the soft tissues around the joint may occur.
- Comminuted fracture: In a comminuted ulnar fracture, the ulnar bone is broken into three or more pieces.
- Displaced fracture: The ulnar bone may fragment at the point of breakage and gets misaligned.
- Greenstick fracture: A greenstick ulnar fracture means that the ulnar bone is cracked, but not broken all the way through.
- Metaphyseal fracture: With this type, the ulnar fracture is confined to the upper/lower part of the shaft, but does not affect the growth plate.
- Buckle (or torus) fracture: A buckle ulnar fracture, also known as a torus ulnar fracture, occurs when one side of the ulnar bone is compressed or buckled, without fracturing the other side.
- Monteggia fracture: A fracture fracture type that affects both sides of the forearm.
- Galeazzi fracture: The ulnar fracture extends through an area of the bone, causing the bone to bend on the other side.
Pathophysiology
Its known that the ulnar bone fracture in normal healthy adults can be caused due to the high-energy trauma (e.g., motor vehicle accidents), sport related injuries, falling from height, and assaults. But it should be noted that the most important Risk factors for insufficiency fractures is chronic metabolic disease such as steoporosis, osteopenia, eating-disordered behavior, higher age, prolonged corticosteroid usage, female gender, lower BMI, history of a recent falling, and prior fracture.