Lead poisoning risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aksiniya K. Stevasarova, MD

Overview

Pathways

• Today almost everyone is exposed to environmental lead.
• The most potent risk factors in the development of lead poisoning are trough inhalation, ingestion or occasionally dermal contact with lead or lead particles.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of lead poisoning include:
  • Lead mining and lead smelting, where children and adults can receive substantial lead exposure from sources uncommon today in the U.S.
  • Common risk factor in the development of lead poisoning in children in the United States is primarily ingestion of lead particles.
  • Inhalation is the second major pathway of exposure. Inhalation also contributes to lead body burden and may be the major contributor for workers in lead-related occupations. Almost all inhaled lead is absorbed into the body, whereas from 20% to 70% of ingested lead is absorbed (with children generally absorbing a higher percentage than adults do).
  • Dermal exposure plays a role for exposure to organic lead among workers, but is not considered a significant pathway for the general population, except in areas where leaded gasoline is used. Organic lead from gasoline additives may be absorbed directly through the skin.