Hyponatremia epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saeedeh Kowsarnia M.D.[2]
Overview
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder. Its frequency is higher in females, the elderly, and in patients who are hospitalized. The incidence of hyponatremia depends largely on the patient population. A hospital incidence of 15–20% is common, while only 3–5% of patients who are hospitalized have a serum sodium level of less than 130 mEq/L. Hyponatremia has been reported in up to 30% of elderly patients in nursing homes and is also present in approximately 30% of depressed patients on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.[1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbances in clinical practice, occurring in 15%-30% of acutely or chronically hospitalized patients [2] and 7.7 % of cases in outpatients clinics.
Prevalence
- Prevalence of hyponatremia is 1720 per 100,000 in the U.S. population [3] .
- Hyponatremia is seen in up to 27% of patients with heart failure (HF) [4] .
- Approximately 50% of patients with cirhosis and ascites are found to be hyponatremic [5] .
- The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- Over the period of 1999-2006, mortality rate was 11% versus 4% for hyponatremic and normonatremia subjects respectively [6] .
Age
- Age over 30 is related to increased overall incident of hyponatremia especially hospital acquired hyponatremia. The association is stronger even with increasing severity of hyponatremia.
- In elderly patients, lower body weight is associated with increased risk of drug-induced hyponatremia.
Race
- There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
Gender
- Female sex is considered a risk factor for psychotropic hyponatremia and diuretic-induced hyponatremia.
- Severe hyponatremia occurs more frequently in women because of lower body weight.
Region
- The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
References
- ↑ Schrier, Robert W. "Does 'asymptomatic hyponatremia' exist?" Nature Reviews Nephrology. Vol 6, Apr 2010; p 185.
- ↑ Upadhyay, Ashish; Jaber, Bertrand L.; Madias, Nicolaos E. (2006). "Incidence and Prevalence of Hyponatremia". The American Journal of Medicine. 119 (7): S30–S35. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.005. ISSN 0002-9343.
- ↑ Mohan, Sumit; Gu, Sue; Parikh, Amay; Radhakrishnan, Jai (2013). "Prevalence of Hyponatremia and Association with Mortality: Results from NHANES". The American Journal of Medicine. 126 (12): 1127–1137.e1. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.021. ISSN 0002-9343.
- ↑ Bettari, Luca; Fiuzat, Mona; Shaw, Linda K.; Wojdyla, Daniel M.; Metra, Marco; Felker, G. Michael; O’Connor, Christopher M. (2012). "Hyponatremia and Long-Term Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure—An Observational Study From the Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Diseases". Journal of Cardiac Failure. 18 (1): 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.09.005. ISSN 1071-9164.
- ↑ Angeli, Paolo; Wong, Florence; Watson, Hugh; Ginès, Pere (2006). "Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: Results of a patient population survey". Hepatology. 44 (6): 1535–1542. doi:10.1002/hep.21412. ISSN 0270-9139.
- ↑ Mohan, Sumit; Gu, Sue; Parikh, Amay; Radhakrishnan, Jai (2013). "Prevalence of Hyponatremia and Association with Mortality: Results from NHANES". The American Journal of Medicine. 126 (12): 1127–1137.e1. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.021. ISSN 0002-9343.