Adrenocortical carcinoma natural history

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [3]

Overview

If left untreated, patients with adrenocortical carcinoma may progress to develop hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, delayed wound healing, hypertension, Cerebrovascular disease, and local or distant metastasis. Prognosis is generally poor, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma stage I-III is approximately 30%. Complications may include metastasis, Conn's syndrome and Cushing'a syndrome.


Natural history

The symptoms of adrenocortical carcinoma usually develop in the fifth to sixth decade of life, and start with symptoms of Cushing's syndrome such as weight gain, acne, irritability, insomnia, symptoms of androgen excess such as virilization, deepening of the voice, and coarsening of facial feature.

Without treatment, the patient will develop symptoms of which will eventually lead to cardiovascular complications such as hyperglycemia, Diabetes mellitus, metastasis to

Complications

The following are the complications of Adrenocortical carcinoma:

Prognosis

Adrenocortical carcinoma, generally, carries a poor prognosis.[1]

The five-year disease-free survival rate for a complete resection of a stage I-III is approximately 30%.[1]

The most important prognostic factors are:

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Allolio B, Fassnacht M (2006). "Clinical review: Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical update". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 91 (6): 2027–37. PMID 16551738. Free Full Text.
  2. Libé R, Borget I, Ronchi CL, Zaggia B, Kroiss M, Kerkhofs T; et al. (2015). "Prognostic factors in stage III-IV adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC): an European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumor (ENSAT) study". Ann Oncol. 26 (10): 2119–25. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv329. PMID 26392430.
  3. Gonzalez RJ, Tamm EP, Ng C, Phan AT, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Perrier ND; et al. (2007). "Response to mitotane predicts outcome in patients with recurrent adrenal cortical carcinoma". Surgery. 142 (6): 867–75, discussion 867-75. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2007.09.006. PMID 18063070.
  4. Miller BS, Gauger PG, Hammer GD, Giordano TJ, Doherty GM (2010). "Proposal for modification of the ENSAT staging system for adrenocortical carcinoma using tumor grade". Langenbecks Arch Surg. 395 (7): 955–61. doi:10.1007/s00423-010-0698-y. PMID 20694732.
  5. Hermsen IG, Gelderblom H, Kievit J, Romijn JA, Haak HR (2008). "Extremely long survival in six patients despite recurrent and metastatic adrenal carcinoma". Eur J Endocrinol. 158 (6): 911–9. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0723. PMID 18505909.

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